{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:51:57Z","timestamp":1780357917278,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food hypersensitivity is a group of diseases arising from a specific immune response that reproduces on exposure to a given food. The current understanding of molecular mechanisms and immunopathology of non-IgE-mediated\/mixed food hypersensitivity, e.g., eosinophilic esophagitis, contains many gaps in knowledge. This review aims to provide a modern classification and identify the primary diseases of non-IgE-mediated\/mixed food hypersensitivity reactions, delineate the distinctive molecular features, and discuss recent findings in the immunopathology of eosinophilic esophagitis that may become a basis to develop valid biomarkers and novel therapies for this disease. Eosinophilic esophagitis is a recently recognized allergic-mediated disease with eosinophil-predominant esophagus inflammation. Its pathogenesis is a complicated network of interactions and signaling between epithelial, mesenchymal, and immune cells on molecular and intercellular levels. Alterations produced by overactivation of some cytokine signaling pathways, e.g., IL-13 or thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), were evolved and observed in this review from the viewpoints of molecular, genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic changes. Despite substantial experimental data, the reliable and representative mechanism of eosinophilic esophagitis pathogenesis has yet to show itself. So, the place of esophagitis between mixed and non-IgE-mediated allergic disorders and between eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders currently seems vague and unclear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T09:52:29Z","timestamp":1638870749000},"page":"13183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8734-5527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury V.","family":"Zhernov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya O.","family":"Vysochanskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitaly A.","family":"Sukhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga K.","family":"Zaostrovtseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis S.","family":"Gorshenin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3817-4175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Sidorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6403-0423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg V.","family":"Mitrokhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Hygiene, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.111","article-title":"Food Allergy: Immune Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.01.039","article-title":"Prevalence of Challenge-Proven IgE-Mediated Food Allergy Using Population-Based Sampling and Predetermined Challenge Criteria in Infants","volume":"127","author":"Osborne","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.09-RAI-0138","article-title":"Food Allergy: Review, Classification and Diagnosis","volume":"58","author":"Cianferoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2001.t01-1-00001.x","article-title":"A Revised Nomenclature for Allergy: An EAACI Position Statement from the EAACI Nomenclature Task Force","volume":"56","author":"Johansson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2019.100080","article-title":"IgE Allergy Diagnostics and Other Relevant Tests in Allergy, sa World Allergy Organization Position Paper","volume":"13","author":"Ansotegui","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2011.10.002","article-title":"Food-Induced Anaphylaxis","volume":"32","author":"Cianferoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"95","article-title":"Non-IgE Mediated Food Allergy","volume":"16","author":"Antonella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.5.1185","article-title":"Histamine and Histamine Intolerance","volume":"85","author":"Maintz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"137","article-title":"Salicylate Intolerance","volume":"105","author":"Baenkler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dtsch. \u00c4rztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2017.01606","article-title":"Samter\u2019s Triad: State of the Art","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"359","article-title":"The Differential Diagnosis of Food Intolerance","volume":"106","author":"Zopf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dtsch. \u00c4rztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488409122889","article-title":"Histamine Liberators and the Mechanisms of Mediator Release","volume":"98","author":"Alm","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2019.06.003","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"66","author":"Lehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.009","article-title":"Updated International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Proceedings of the AGREE Conference","volume":"155","author":"Dellon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301817","article-title":"Endoscopic Assessment of the Oesophageal Features of Eosinophilic Oesophagitis: Validation of a Novel Classification and Grading System","volume":"62","author":"Hirano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.04.037","article-title":"Histopathologic Variability and Endoscopic Correlates in Adults with Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"64","author":"Gonsalves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2007.09.014","article-title":"Histopathologic Features of Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"18","author":"Collins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Newly Developed and Validated Eosinophilic Esophagitis Histology Scoring System and Evidence That It Outperforms Peak Eosinophil Count for Disease Diagnosis and Monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Collins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus Off. J. Int. Soc. Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000491","article-title":"Dilated Intercellular Spaces in Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"59","author":"Ravelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.021","article-title":"Identification of Causative Foods in Children with Eosinophilic Esophagitis Treated with an Elimination Diet","volume":"130","author":"Spergel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.11.016","article-title":"Predictive Values for Skin Prick Test and Atopy Patch Test for Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"119","author":"Spergel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.03.001","article-title":"Elimination Diet Effectively Treats Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Adults; Food Reintroduction Identifies Causative Factors","volume":"142","author":"Gonsalves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-015-0464-y","article-title":"Meta-Analysis-Based Guidance for Dietary Management in Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"17","author":"Lucendo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2010.10.010","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis after Specific Oral Tolerance Induction for Egg Protein","volume":"106","author":"Ridolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy. Asthma. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1159\/000355161","article-title":"Induction of Eosinophilic Esophagitis by Sublingual Pollen Immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Miehlke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2014.08.004","article-title":"Relation between Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Oral Immunotherapy for Food Allergy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"113","author":"Lucendo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy. Asthma. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.02.004","article-title":"Resolution of Acute IgE-Mediated Allergy with Development of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Triggered by the Same Food","volume":"133","author":"Maggadottir","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12846","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is Characterized by a Non-IgE-Mediated Food Hypersensitivity","volume":"71","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loizou, D., Enav, B., Komlodi-Pasztor, E., Hider, P., Kim-Chang, J., Noonan, L., Taber, T., Kaushal, S., Limgala, R., and Brown, M. (2015). A Pilot Study of Omalizumab in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113483"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1540-4","article-title":"Omalizumab in the Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Food Allergy","volume":"170","author":"Rocha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2014.27","article-title":"Analysis and Expansion of the Eosinophilic Esophagitis Transcriptome by RNA Sequencing","volume":"15","author":"Sherrill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26679","article-title":"Eotaxin-3 and a Uniquely Conserved Gene-Expression Profile in Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"116","author":"Blanchard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.10.024","article-title":"IL-13 Involvement in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Transcriptome Analysis and Reversibility with Glucocorticoids","volume":"120","author":"Blanchard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2006-7-12-243","article-title":"The Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor Superfamilies and Their Molecular Evolution","volume":"7","author":"Zlotnik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.039","article-title":"A Striking Local Esophageal Cytokine Expression Profile in Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"127","author":"Blanchard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2007.05.008","article-title":"Increased Expression of Eotaxin-3 Distinguishes between Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease","volume":"38","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10458","article-title":"Inducible Targeting of IL-13 to the Adult Lung Causes Matrix Metalloproteinase\u2013 and Cathepsin-Dependent Emphysema","volume":"106","author":"Zheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000471","article-title":"IL-13 Induces Esophageal Remodeling and Gene Expression by an Eosinophil-Independent IL-13R\u03b12-Inhibited Pathway","volume":"185","author":"Zuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.06.010","article-title":"Eotaxin-3\/CCL26 Gene Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Is up-Regulated by Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 via the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6","volume":"37","author":"Blanchard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.119917","article-title":"Idiopathic Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is Associated with a TH2-Type Allergic Inflammatory Response","volume":"108","author":"Straumann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.1021","article-title":"Eosinophils Express Functional IL-13 in Eosinophilic Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"169","author":"Altznauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13193","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.210724","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of the IL-13-Induced Human Eotaxin-3 Gene by CREB-Binding Protein-Mediated Histone 3 Acetylation","volume":"286","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.13.2722","article-title":"P300\/CBP Is Required for Transcriptional Induction by Interleukin-4 and Interacts with Stat6","volume":"27","author":"Gingras","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.90","article-title":"Desmoglein-1 Regulates Esophageal Epithelial Barrier Function and Immune Responses in Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"7","author":"Sherrill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13244","article-title":"Evidence of an Abnormal Epithelial Barrier in Active, Untreated and Corticosteroid-Treated Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"73","author":"Simon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2013.05.004","article-title":"Alterations in Junctional Proteins, Inflammatory Mediators and Extracellular Matrix Molecules in Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"148","author":"Gyftopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Orlando Fla"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.72","article-title":"TGF-\u03921 Alters Esophageal Epithelial Barrier Function by Attenuation of Claudin-7 in Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.07.026","article-title":"Histological Eosinophilic Gastritis Is a Systemic Disorder Associated with Blood and Extra-Gastric Eosinophilia, Th2 Immunity, and a Unique Gastric Transcriptome","volume":"134","author":"Caldwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.120","article-title":"Cadherin 26 Is an Alpha Integrin-Binding Epithelial Receptor Regulated during Allergic Inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Caldwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021352716284","article-title":"The Cadherin Superfamily Database","volume":"2","author":"Truong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Struct. Funct. Genom."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a003053","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a003053","article-title":"Structure and Biochemistry of Cadherins and Catenins","volume":"1","author":"Shapiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.64.6.753","article-title":"Beta 1 Integrin-Dependent Binding of Jurkat Cells to Fibronectin Is Regulated by a Serine-Threonine Phosphatase","volume":"64","author":"Seminario","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.1.59","article-title":"Costimulation of Proliferative Responses of Resting CD4+ T Cells by the Interaction of VLA-4 and VLA-5 with Fibronectin or VLA-6 with Laminin","volume":"145","author":"Shimizu","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1991). Analysis of T Cell Stimulation by Superantigen plus Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules or by CD3 Monoclonal Antibody: Costimulation by Purified Adhesion Ligands VCAM-1, ICAM-1, but Not ELAM-1. J. Exp. Med., 174, 901\u2013913.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.4.901"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199811)28:11<3605::AID-IMMU3605>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"MAdCAM-1 Costimulates T Cell Proliferation Exclusively through Integrin Alpha4beta7, Whereas VCAM-1 and CS-1 Peptide Use Alpha4beta1: Evidence for \u201cRemote\u201d Costimulation and Induction of Hyperresponsiveness to B7 Molecules","volume":"28","author":"Lehnert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.1999.00832.x","article-title":"Mouse M290 Is the Functional Homologue of the Human Mucosal Lymphocyte Integrin HML-1: Antagonism between the Integrin Ligands E-Cadherin and RGD Tripeptide","volume":"77","author":"Berg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6945","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003853","article-title":"Role for E-Cadherin as an Inhibitory Receptor on Epidermal Gammadelta T Cells","volume":"186","author":"Uchida","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1311","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Identification of E-Cadherin as a Ligand for the Murine Killer Cell Lectin-like Receptor G1","volume":"176","author":"Bauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130351","article-title":"A Role for IL-25 and IL-33\u2013Driven Type-2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"210","author":"Salimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051986","article-title":"Killer Cell Lectin-like Receptor G1 Binds Three Members of the Classical Cadherin Family to Inhibit NK Cell Cytotoxicity","volume":"203","author":"Ito","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2014-202586","article-title":"Ultrastructural Features of Eosinophilic Oesophagitis: Impact of Treatment on Desmosomes","volume":"68","author":"Capocelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4033","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903069","article-title":"Coordinate Interaction between IL-13 and Epithelial Differentiation Cluster Genes in Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"184","author":"Blanchard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00613.x","article-title":"Human Epidermal Differentiation Complex in a Single 2.5 Mbp Long Continuum of Overlapping DNA Cloned in Bacteria Integrating Physical and Transcript Maps","volume":"112","author":"South","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1396-0296.2004.04S1005.x","article-title":"Moisturization and Skin Barrier Function","volume":"17","author":"Rawlings","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1767","article-title":"Common Loss-of-Function Variants of the Epidermal Barrier Protein Filaggrin Are a Major Predisposing Factor for Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"38","author":"Palmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.358","article-title":"A Homozygous Frameshift Mutation in the Mouse Flg Gene Facilitates Enhanced Percutaneous Allergen Priming","volume":"41","author":"Fallon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.11.042","article-title":"Profound Loss of Esophageal Tissue Differentiation in Patients with Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"140","author":"Rochman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.02.028","article-title":"TGF-\u03921\u2013Induced PAI-1 Contributes to a Profibrotic Network in Patients with Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"138","author":"Rawson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200706187","article-title":"Mice Deficient in Involucrin, Envoplakin, and Periplakin Have a Defective Epidermal Barrier","volume":"179","author":"Sevilla","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23627.x","article-title":"Transglutaminase Function in Epidermis","volume":"124","author":"Eckert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6593","article-title":"GWAS Identifies Four Novel Eosinophilic Esophagitis Loci","volume":"5","author":"Sleiman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3033","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Provides Insight into the Tissue Specificity of This Allergic Disease","volume":"46","author":"Kottyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.09.027","article-title":"Calpain-14 and Its Association with Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"139","author":"Litosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86355","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.86355","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis-Linked Calpain 14 Is an IL-13-Induced Protease That Mediates Esophageal Epithelial Barrier Impairment","volume":"1","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.118.200901","article-title":"Genetic, Inflammatory, and Epithelial Cell Differentiation Factors Control Expression of Human Calpain-14","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58978","article-title":"Periostin Promotes Chronic Allergic Inflammation in Response to Th2 Cytokines","volume":"122","author":"Masuoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0150OC","article-title":"AM\u03b22 Integrin\u2013Mediated Adhesion and Motility of IL-5\u2013Stimulated Eosinophils on Periostin","volume":"48","author":"Johansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041195","article-title":"TSLP Enhances the Function of Helper Type 2 Cells","volume":"41","author":"Kitajima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.547","article-title":"Common Variants at 5q22associate with Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"42","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.04.037","article-title":"Variants of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin and Its Receptor Associate with Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"126","author":"Sherrill","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2008.15","article-title":"Periostin Facilitates Eosinophil Tissue Infiltration in Allergic Lung and Esophageal Responses","volume":"1","author":"Blanchard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.02.046","article-title":"Periostin: A Novel Component of Subepithelial Fibrosis of Bronchial Asthma Downstream of IL-4 and IL-13 Signals","volume":"118","author":"Takayama","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19700","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601856200","article-title":"Transduction of a Mesenchyme-Specific Gene Periostin into 293T Cells Induces Cell Invasive Activity through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation","volume":"281","author":"Yan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200320530","article-title":"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Its Implications for Fibrosis","volume":"112","author":"Kalluri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200809044","article-title":"Desmoglein 1\u2013Dependent Suppression of EGFR Signaling Promotes Epidermal Differentiation and Morphogenesis","volume":"185","author":"Getsios","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2012.12.002","article-title":"Esophageal Epithelial and Mesenchymal Cross-Talk Leads to Features of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Vitro","volume":"319","author":"Muir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.03.005","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Contributes to Esophageal Remodeling and Reverses with Treatment","volume":"129","author":"Kagalwalla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2009.134","article-title":"The Influence of TSLP on the Allergic Response","volume":"3","author":"Comeau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.20","article-title":"The Effects of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin and IL-3 on Human Eosinophil\u2013Basophil Lineage Commitment: Relevance to Atopic Sensitization","volume":"2","author":"Hui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.4","article-title":"Genetics of Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"10","author":"Kottyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06010","article-title":"A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies KIAA0350 as a Type 1 Diabetes Gene","volume":"448","author":"Hakonarson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.030","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Analysis Identifies 11 Risk Variants Associated with the Asthma with Hay Fever Phenotype","volume":"133","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, X., March, M., Mentch, F., Nguyen, K., Glessner, J., Qu, H., Liu, Y., Furuta, G., Aceves, S., and Gonsalves, N. (2021). A Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis Identifies New Eosinophilic Esophagitis Loci. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.08.018"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3985","article-title":"Shared Genetic Origin of Asthma, Hay Fever and Eczema Elucidates Allergic Disease Biology","volume":"49","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-018-0034-z","article-title":"Genetic Variants at the 16p13 Locus Confer Risk for Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"20","author":"Kottyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes Immun."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/24\/13183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:42:26Z","timestamp":1760168546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/24\/13183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms222413183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222413183","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]}}}