{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:44:29Z","timestamp":1788371069583,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-75-30009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-75-30009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemia-like (oxygen-glucose deprivation, OGD) conditions followed by reoxygenation (OGD\/R) cause massive death of cerebral cortex cells in culture as a result of the induction of necrosis and apoptosis. Cell death occurs as a result of an OGD-induced increase in Ca2+ ions in the cytosol of neurons and astrocytes, an increase in the expression of genes encoding proapoptotic and inflammatory genes with suppression of protective genes. The deuterated form of linoleic polyunsaturated fatty acid (D4-Lnn) completely inhibits necrosis and greatly reduces apoptotic cell death with an increase in the concentration of fatty acid in the medium. It was shown for the first time that D4-Lnn, through the activation of the phosphoinositide calcium system of astrocytes, causes their reactivation, which correlates with the general cytoprotective effect on the cortical neurons and astrocytes in vitro. The mechanism of the cytoprotective action of D4-Lnn involves the inhibition of the OGD-induced calcium ions, increase in the cytosolic and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, the enhancement of the expression of protective genes, and the suppression of damaging proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T02:07:18Z","timestamp":1639102038000},"page":"13216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Protective Mechanism of Deuterated Linoleic Acid Involves the Activation of the Ca2+ Signaling System of Astrocytes in Ischemia In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2528-8798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egor A.","family":"Turovsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u201cPushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1158-5174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena G.","family":"Varlamova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u201cPushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8814-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey V.","family":"Gudkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilove St., 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2838-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egor Y.","family":"Plotnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180302115544","article-title":"Cell Death Mechanisms in Stroke and Novel Molecular and Cellular Treatment Options","volume":"16","author":"Solaroglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-020-00480-z","article-title":"BDNF Overexpression Enhances the Preconditioning Effect of Brief Episodes of Hypoxia, Promoting Survival of GABAergic Neurons","volume":"36","author":"Turovskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7827(85)90011-6","article-title":"Lipids of nervous tissue: Composition and metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Sastry","year":"1985","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kao, Y.-C., Ho, P.-C., Tu, Y.-K., Jou, I.-M., and Tsai, K.-J. (2020). Lipids and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041505"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gwon, D.H., Hwang, T.W., Ro, J.-Y., Kang, Y.-J., Jeong, J.Y., Kim, D.-K., Lim, K., Kim, D.W., Choi, D.E., and Kim, J.-J. (2017). High Endogenous Accumulation of \u03c9-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Protect against Ischemia-Reperfusion Renal Injury through AMPK-Mediated Autophagy in Fat-1 Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102081"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2019.106351","article-title":"The role of n-3 PUFA-derived fatty acid derivatives and their oxygenated metabolites in the modulation of inflammation","volume":"144","author":"Witkamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turovsky, E.A., Varlamova, E.G., and Plotnikov, E.Y. (2021). Mechanisms Underlying the Protective Effect of the Peroxiredoxin-6 Are Mediated via the Protection of Astrocytes during Ischemia\/Reoxygenation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168805"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10460","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0045-15.2015","article-title":"Functional Oxygen Sensitivity of Astrocytes","volume":"35","author":"Angelova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-01090-6","article-title":"Isotope-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids improve Parkinson\u2019s disease-like phenotype in rats overexpressing \u03b1-synuclein","volume":"8","author":"Beal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv132","article-title":"Loss ofPLA2G6leads to elevated mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"138","author":"Kinghorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13024","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation is essential for \u03b1-synuclein-induced cell death","volume":"133","author":"Angelova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.01.010","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Deuteration against Neurodegeneration","volume":"41","author":"Shchepinov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2017.01.001","article-title":"Cytokine IL-10, activators of PI3-kinase, agonists of \u03b1-2 adrenoreceptor and antioxidants prevent ischemia-induced cell death in rat hippocampal cultures","volume":"615","author":"Turovsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2019.01.005","article-title":"Taxifolin protects neurons against ischemic injury in vitro via the activation of antioxidant systems and signal transduction pathways of GABAergic neurons","volume":"96","author":"Turovskaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3897\/rrpharmacology.6.59857","article-title":"Metal-containing taurine compounds protect rat\u2019s brain in reperfusion-induced injury","volume":"6","author":"Semeleva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Results Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1134\/S1990747819040068","article-title":"A Complex Neuroprotective Effect of Alpha-2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists in a Model of Cerebral Ischemia\u2013Reoxygenation In Vitro","volume":"13","author":"Gaidin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. (Moscow) Suppl. Ser. A Membr. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva Figueiredo, P., Carla Inada, A., Marcelino, G., Maiara Lopes Cardozo, C., De C\u00e1ssia Freitas, K., De C\u00e1ssia Avellaneda Guimar\u00e3es, R., Pereira de Castro, A., Arag\u00e3o do Nascimento, V., and Aiko Hiane, P. (2017). Fatty Acids Consumption: The Role Metabolic Aspects Involved in Obesity and Its Associated Disorders. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101158"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrales, P., Vidal-Puig, A., and Medina-G\u00f3mez, G. (2021). Obesity and pregnancy, the perfect metabolic storm. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-00914-5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7493190","article-title":"Inhibition of Fatty Acid Metabolism Increases EPA and DHA Levels and Protects against Myocardial Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury in Zucker Rats","volume":"2021","author":"Kuka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.08.083","article-title":"Alpha-Linolenic acid and riluzole treatment confer cerebral protection and improve survival after focal brain ischemia","volume":"137","author":"Heurteaux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2009.12.007","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of alpha-linolenic acid in an enriched rapeseed oil diet protects from stroke","volume":"61","author":"Nguemeni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.84","article-title":"Subchronic Alpha-Linolenic Acid Treatment Enhances Brain Plasticity and Exerts an Antidepressant Effect: A Versatile Potential Therapy for Stroke","volume":"34","author":"Blondeau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.8.1784","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids are potent neuroprotectors","volume":"19","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4668","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-13-04668.2001","article-title":"Activation of the Nuclear Factor-\u03baB Is a Key Event in Brain Tolerance","volume":"21","author":"Blondeau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-006-0414-y","article-title":"Preconditioning and neurotrophins: A model for brain adaptation to seizures, ischemia and other stressful stimuli","volume":"32","author":"Marini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(91)90103-M","article-title":"Metabolism of oxidized linoleic acid: Distribution of activity for the enzymatic oxidation of 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid to 13-oxooctadecadinoic acid in rat tissues","volume":"41","author":"Bull","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19330","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.33.19330","article-title":"Fatty Acid Substrate Specificities of Human Prostaglandin-endoperoxide H Synthase-1 and \u22122","volume":"270","author":"Laneuville","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2016.05.004","article-title":"Regulation of rat plasma and cerebral cortex oxylipin concentrations with increasing levels of dietary linoleic acid","volume":"138","author":"Taha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02914-7","article-title":"Linoleic acid participates in the response to ischemic brain injury through oxidized metabolites that regulate neurotransmission","volume":"7","author":"Hennebelle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-017-0242-9","article-title":"Association between maternal intake of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio during pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months of age: Results of the MOCEH cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2019.1691205","article-title":"The selective BDNF overexpression in neurons protects neuroglial networks against OGD and glutamate-induced excitotoxicity","volume":"130","author":"Gaidin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interleukin-10 restores glutamate receptor-mediated Ca2+-signaling in brain circuits under loss of Sip1 transcription factor","volume":"6","author":"Turovskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-10-03476.1997","article-title":"Arachidonic Acid Inhibits Transient Potassium Currents and Broadens Action Potentials during Electrographic Seizures in Hippocampal Pyramidal and Inhibitory Interneurons","volume":"17","author":"Keros","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.52.1.6","article-title":"High Affinity Glutamate Transporters: Regulation of Expression and Activity","volume":"52","author":"Gegelashvili","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"722","article-title":"Potentiation of NMDA receptor currents by arachidonic acid","volume":"355","author":"Miller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90075-3","article-title":"Arachidonic acid inhibits sodium currents and synaptic transmission in cultured striatal neurons","volume":"11","author":"Fraser","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12559","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.22.12559","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate sodium and calcium currents in CA1 neurons","volume":"93","author":"Vreugdenhil","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.7.2696","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in Parkinson disease","volume":"93","author":"Yoritaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2541-x","article-title":"Synthetic alpha-synuclein fibrils cause mitochondrial impairment and selective dopamine neurodegeneration in part via iNOS-mediated nitric oxide production","volume":"74","author":"Tapias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101164","article-title":"Phenothiazine normalizes the NADH\/NAD+ ratio, maintains mitochondrial integrity and protects the nigrostriatal dopamine system in a chronic rotenone model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Tapias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordzieke, D.E., and Medra\u00f1o-Fernandez, I. (2018). The Plasma Membrane: A Platform for Intra- and Intercellular Redox Signaling. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7110168"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.04.033","article-title":"Involvement of NOX2 in the Development of Behavioral and Pathologic Alterations in Isolated Rats","volume":"66","author":"Schiavone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5703","article-title":"New Insights on NOX Enzymes in the Central Nervous System","volume":"20","author":"Nayernia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxidants Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25018","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.111450","article-title":"Dopamine Induces Ca2+ Signaling in Astrocytes through Reactive Oxygen Species Generated by Monoamine Oxidase","volume":"285","author":"Vaarmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S287","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706464","article-title":"Monoamine oxidase: Isoforms and inhibitors in Parkinson\u2019s disease and depressive illness","volume":"147","author":"Youdim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.036","article-title":"The thioredoxin antioxidant system","volume":"66","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9613090","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9613090","article-title":"Role of Catalase in Oxidative Stress- and Age-Associated Degenerative Diseases","volume":"2019","author":"Nandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)33287-9","article-title":"Fatty acid transport: Difficult or easy?","volume":"39","author":"Hamilton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turovsky, E., Varlamova, E., and Turovskaya, M. (2021). Activation of Cx43 Hemichannels Induces the Generation of Ca2+ Oscillations in White Adipocytes and Stimulates Lipolysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-297523\/v1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(99)00018-1","article-title":"Regulation of fatty acid transporters in mammalian cells","volume":"39","author":"Frohnert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.11.1939","article-title":"High glucose level and free fatty acid stimulate reactive oxygen species production through protein kinase C--dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in cultured vascular cells","volume":"49","author":"Inoguchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28898","article-title":"TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid\u2013induced insulin resistance","volume":"116","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.suppl_2.S73","article-title":"Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase Pathways in Inflammation and Origin of Obesity and Diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.7.2005","article-title":"Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Human Muscle Is Associated With Changes in Diacylglycerol, Protein Kinase C, and I B-","volume":"51","author":"Itani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.12.3458","article-title":"Free Fatty Acids Produce Insulin Resistance and Activate the Proinflammatory Nuclear Factor- B Pathway in Rat Liver","volume":"54","author":"Boden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microglial phenotypes and toll-like receptor 2 in the substantia nigra and hippocampus of incidental Lewy body disease cases and Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"2","author":"Doorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-09-03440.1999","article-title":"Fc\u03b5RII\/CD23 Is Expressed in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Induces, In Vitro, Production of Nitric Oxide and Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 in Glial Cells","volume":"19","author":"Hunot","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23687","article-title":"Questions and (some) answers on reactive astrocytes","volume":"67","author":"Escartin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.07.019","article-title":"Mutation in the Sip1 transcription factor leads to a disturbance of the preconditioning of AMPA receptors by episodes of hypoxia in neurons of the cerebral cortex due to changes in their activity and subunit composition. The protective effects of interleukin-10","volume":"654","author":"Turovskaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.458","article-title":"Live-cell assay for detection of apoptosis by dual-laser flow cytometry using Hoechst 33342 and 7-amino-actinomycin D","volume":"2","author":"Schmid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/24\/13216\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:43:10Z","timestamp":1760168590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/24\/13216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms222413216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222413216","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]}}}