{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:07:28Z","timestamp":1789607248477,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin disease with still unknown pathogenesis. In recent years, genetic and environmental factors have been mentioned as the main causes. Among environmental factors, many researchers are trying to investigate the role of mental health and its importance in the development of many diseases. In the pathophysiology of psoriasis, the role of the interaction between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems are often emphasized. So far, no one has clearly indicated where the pathological process begins. One of the hypotheses is that chronic stress influences the formation of hormonal changes (lowering the systemic cortisol level), which favors the processes of autoimmunity. In inflammatory skin conditions, mast cells (MCs) are localized close to blood vessels and peripheral nerves, where they probably play an important role in the response to environmental stimuli and emotional stress. They are usually connected with a fast immune response, not only in allergies but also a protective response to microbial antigens. Among many cells of the immune system, MCs have receptors for the hormones of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis on their surface. In this review, we will try to take a closer look at the role of MCs in the pathophysiology of psoriasis. This knowledge may give the opportunity to search for therapeutic solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T21:46:58Z","timestamp":1639086418000},"page":"13252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Psychological Stress, Mast Cells, and Psoriasis\u2014Is There Any Relationship?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5218-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, The University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Owczarczyk-Saczonek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, The University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Placek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, The University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31555","article-title":"Mast Cell Disorders in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome","volume":"175","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.01.033","article-title":"Human Mast Cells Are Major IL-22 Producers in Patients with Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"136","author":"Mashiko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.12.014","article-title":"Mast Cells and Inflammation","volume":"1822","author":"Theoharides","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/759630","article-title":"A Comparative Analysis of Mast Cell Quantification in Five Common Dermatoses: Lichen Simplex Chronicus, Psoriasis, Lichen Planus, Lupus, and Insect Bite\/Allergic Contact Dermatitis\/Nummular Dermatitis","volume":"2012","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03027","article-title":"Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) in Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions","volume":"9","author":"Porebski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.339","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Psoriasis: A Systematic Review of Incidence and Prevalence","volume":"133","author":"Parisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4006","article-title":"Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment of Psoriasis: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex323","article-title":"Interval between Onset of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Comparing the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink with a Hospital-Based Cohort","volume":"56","author":"Tillett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0539-8","article-title":"Update on Psoriasis Immunopathogenesis and Targeted Immunotherapy","volume":"38","author":"Mahil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2017.11.004","article-title":"Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-East Countries: Meta-Analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies","volume":"12","author":"Ansarimoghaddam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2017.0105","article-title":"Bidirectional Association Between Psoriasis and Obesity: Benefits and Risks","volume":"38","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf509","article-title":"Dnmt3L Is a Transcriptional Repressor That Recruits Histone Deacetylase","volume":"30","author":"Deplus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-018-0191-3","article-title":"Age-Related DNA Methylation Changes Are Tissue-Specific with ELOVL2 Promoter Methylation as Exception","volume":"11","author":"Slieker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15382","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15382","article-title":"Large Scale Meta-Analysis Characterizes Genetic Architecture for Common Psoriasis Associated Variants","volume":"8","author":"Tsoi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.09.042","article-title":"Genomic Alterations Driving Psoriasis Pathogenesis","volume":"683","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1994.tb02900.x","article-title":"The Relationship between Stress and the Onset and Exacerbation of Psoriasis and Other Skin Conditions","volume":"130","author":"Kent","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2001.00834.x","article-title":"Psychological Influences in Psoriasis: Psychological Influences in Psoriasis","volume":"26","author":"Griffiths","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiricozzi, A., Romanelli, P., Volpe, E., Borsellino, G., and Romanelli, M. (2018). Scanning the Immunopathogenesis of Psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010179"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01525","article-title":"The Role of Epigenetics in Autoimmune\/Inflammatory Disease","volume":"10","author":"Surace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2467","article-title":"Identification of Fifteen New Psoriasis Susceptibility Loci Highlights the Role of Innate Immunity","volume":"44","author":"Tsoi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.694","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies New Psoriasis Susceptibility Loci and an Interaction between HLA-C and ERAP1","volume":"42","author":"Strange","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350310","article-title":"A Revised Estimate of Twin Concordance in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"35","author":"Deapen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum. Off. J. Am. Coll. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40422","article-title":"Twin DNA Methylation Profiling Reveals Flare-Dependent Interferon Signature and B Cell Promoter Hypermethylation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"70","author":"Asmar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2021, September 17). Emerging Effects of Early Environmental Factors over Genetic Background for Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility: Evidence from a Nationwide Italian Twin Study-PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22569240\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12375","article-title":"Heritability of Psoriasis in a Large Twin Sample","volume":"169","author":"Skov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20871","article-title":"Differential Twin Concordance for Multiple Sclerosis by Latitude of Birthplace","volume":"60","author":"Islam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0438019100","article-title":"A Mechanism Converting Psychosocial Stress into Mononuclear Cell Activation","volume":"100","author":"Bierhaus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"55","article-title":"How Do Glucocorticoids Influence Stress Responses? Integrating Permissive, Suppressive, Stimulatory, and Preparative Actions","volume":"21","author":"Sapolsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.galenos.2019.2019.5.62","article-title":"Kounis Syndrome\u2014Not a Single-Organ Arterial Disorder but a Multisystem and Multidisciplinary Disease","volume":"36","author":"Kounis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Balk. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000166","article-title":"Hemophagocytosis in Cutaneous Autoimmune Disease","volume":"37","author":"Kerl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.02.009","article-title":"New Insights into the Role of Mast Cells in Autoimmunity: Evidence for a Common Mechanism of Action?","volume":"1822","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conti, P., Gallenga, C.E., Ronconi, G., Caraffa, A., and Kritas, S.K. (2019). Activation of Mast Cells Mediates Inflammatory Response in Psoriasis: Potential New Therapeutic Approach with IL-37. Dermatol. Ther., e12943.","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12943"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00037","article-title":"Mast Cells as Cellular Sensors in Inflammation and Immunity","volume":"2","author":"Beghdadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Immun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201243058","article-title":"Communication between Human Mast Cells and CD4+ T Cells through Antigen-Dependent Interactions","volume":"43","author":"Suurmond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00120","article-title":"Mast Cell: An Emerging Partner in Immune Interaction","volume":"3","author":"Gri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00569","article-title":"Mast Cell Mediators: Their Differential Release and the Secretory Pathways Involved","volume":"5","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.07.007","article-title":"The Impact of Psychological Stress on Mast Cells","volume":"125","author":"Theoharides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13288","article-title":"Neuroendocrinology of Mast Cells: Challenges and Controversies","volume":"26","author":"Theoharides","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1431","article-title":"The Neuro-Immuno-Cutaneous-Endocrine Network: Relationship of Mind and Skin","volume":"134","author":"Lipper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12677","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12677","article-title":"The Importance of the Neuro-Immuno-Cutaneous System on Human Skin Equivalent Design","volume":"52","author":"Tamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"457","article-title":"Neuroendocrinology of the Skin1","volume":"21","author":"Slominski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20530","article-title":"CRH Functions as a Growth Factor\/Cytokine in the Skin","volume":"206","author":"Slominski","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"v-115","article-title":"Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin Neuroendocrine System","volume":"212","author":"Slominski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3137","article-title":"Polymorphisms in Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone-Proopiomelanocortin (CRH-POMC) System Genes Are Associated with Plaque Psoriasis","volume":"99","author":"Traks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venerol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0254fje","article-title":"In Situ Expression of Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH) and Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) Genes in Human Skin","volume":"15","author":"Kono","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9369-9","article-title":"Neuroendocrinology of the Skin","volume":"17","author":"Theoharides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5427","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030377","article-title":"Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Causes Vasodilation in Human Skin via Mast Cell-Dependent Pathways","volume":"88","author":"Crompton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1092","article-title":"Key Role of CRF in the Skin Stress Response System","volume":"34","author":"Slominski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17180","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121254109","article-title":"Brain on Stress: How the Social Environment Gets under the Skin","volume":"109","author":"McEwen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"65","article-title":"Experience with Psoriasis in a Psychosomatic Dermatology Clinic","volume":"186","author":"Polenghi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12697","article-title":"The Psychophysiological Stress Response in Psoriasis and Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"170","author":"Stormink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06817.x","article-title":"Response of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis to Psychological Stress in Patients with Psoriasis","volume":"153","author":"Richards","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14105","article-title":"Influence of Stress on the Development of Psoriasis","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e403908","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/403908","article-title":"Psychological Stress and the Cutaneous Immune Response: Roles of the HPA Axis and the Sympathetic Nervous System in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis","volume":"2012","author":"Hall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"105950","article-title":"Stress-Induced Mast Cell Activation in Glabrous and Hairy Skin","volume":"2014","author":"Boda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"195","article-title":"Role of Mast Cells and Sensory Nerves in Skin Inflammation","volume":"145","author":"Harvima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Giornale Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2004.08.005","article-title":"Stress Exposure Modulates Peptidergic Innervation and Degranulates Mast Cells in Murine Skin","volume":"19","author":"Peters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.03.049","article-title":"Activation of Mast Cells by Double-Stranded RNA: Evidence for Activation through Toll-like Receptor 3","volume":"114","author":"Kulka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13008","article-title":"Skin Mast Cells: Are We Missing the Forest for the Trees?","volume":"25","author":"Theoharides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"339","article-title":"Endocrinology of the Skin: Intradermal Neuroimmune Network, a New Frontier","volume":"30","author":"Caraffa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"182","article-title":"Apoptosis in Psoriasis","volume":"17","author":"Kastelan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Croat."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1735-2","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-18, Cooperatively with IL-23, Induces Prominent Inflammation and Enhances Psoriasis-like Epidermal Hyperplasia","volume":"309","author":"Shimoura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03650.x","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Antipsychotic and Anxiolytic Agents on Stress-Induced Degranulation of Mouse Dermal Mast Cells: The Effects of Antipsychotic and Anxiolytic Agents on Mouse Dermal Mast Cells","volume":"35","author":"Shimoda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba6500","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba6500","article-title":"Developmental Cell Programs Are Co-Opted in Inflammatory Skin Disease","volume":"371","author":"Reynolds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.01.074","article-title":"Stress Effects on BDNF Expression: Effects of Age, Sex, and Form of Stress","volume":"239","author":"Bath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13378","article-title":"Depression- and Anxiety-like Behaviour Is Related to BDNF\/TrkB Signalling in a Mouse Model of Psoriasis","volume":"43","author":"JiaWen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2010.162","article-title":"P75 Neurotrophin Receptor Mediates Apoptosis in Transit-Amplifying Cells and Its Overexpression Restores Cell Death in Psoriatic Keratinocytes","volume":"18","author":"Truzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2017.401","article-title":"Analysis of the Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Psoriasis: The Relevance of Psychiatric Assessment in Dermatology","volume":"29","author":"Reis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiat. Danub."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olivier, C., Robert, P.D., Daihung, D., Urb\u00e0, G., Catalin, M.P., Hywel, W., Kurd, S.K., Troxel, A.B., Crits-Christoph, P., and Gelfand, J.M. (2010). The Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Patients With Psoriasis: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Arch. Dermatol., 146.","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.186"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.001","article-title":"Mast Cells in Neuroinflammation and Brain Disorders","volume":"79","author":"Hendriksen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.11.013","article-title":"Inflammation in Children and Adolescents With Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"53","author":"Mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-018-9004-9","article-title":"Impact of Mast Cells in Depression Disorder: Inhibitory Effect of IL-37 (New Frontiers)","volume":"66","author":"Conti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4682","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803832","article-title":"Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells from Asthmatic Individuals Have CXCL8 Hypersecretion Due to Increased NF-\u039aB P65, C\/EBP\u03b2, and RNA Polymerase II Binding to the CXCL8 Promoter","volume":"183","author":"John","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00008.x","article-title":"Potentiation by Histamine of Synaptically Mediated Excitotoxicity in Cultured Hippocampal Neurones: A Possible Role for Mast Cells","volume":"76","author":"Skaper","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.66031157.x","article-title":"Mast Cell Activation Causes Delayed Neurodegeneration in Mixed Hippocampal Cultures via the Nitric Oxide Pathway","volume":"66","author":"Skaper","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.05.012","article-title":"Isomorphic Phenomenon of Koebner: Facts and Controversies","volume":"31","author":"Brotas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-02-486217","article-title":"Mast Cell and Macrophage Chemokines CXCL1\/CXCL2 Control the Early Stage of Neutrophil Recruitment during Tissue Inflammation","volume":"121","author":"Dudeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2001.01262.x","article-title":"Mast Cell Density and IL-8 Expression in Nonlesional and Lesional Psoriatic Skin","volume":"40","author":"Jiang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706695","article-title":"Regulation of IL-1-Induced Selective IL-6 Release from Human Mast Cells and Inhibition by Quercetin","volume":"148","author":"Kempuraj","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"7158014","article-title":"Possible Roles of IL-33 in the Innate-Adaptive Immune Crosstalk of Psoriasis Pathogenesis","volume":"2019","author":"Bertino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120225","article-title":"Immunology of Psoriasis","volume":"32","author":"Lowes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii116","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202371","article-title":"Effect of IL-17A Blockade with Secukinumab in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"72","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100123","article-title":"Mast Cells and Neutrophils Release IL-17 through Extracellular Trap Formation in Psoriasis","volume":"187","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15358","article-title":"IL -17A Localizes in the Exocytic Compartment of Mast Cells in Psoriatic Skin","volume":"177","author":"Brembilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e321","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15533","article-title":"IL-17A and IL-22 Producing Neutrophils in Psoriatic Skin","volume":"177","author":"Madelung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, G.R. (2018). The Balance of Th17 versus Treg Cells in Autoimmunity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030730"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-007-0816-z","article-title":"A Study of the Pathogenesis of Rosacea: How Angiogenesis and Mast Cells May Participate in a Complex Multifactorial Process","volume":"300","author":"Aroni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00324","article-title":"The Theranostics Role of Mast Cells in the Pathophysiology of Rosacea","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05586.x","article-title":"Pruritogenic Mediators in Psoriasis Vulgaris: Comparative Evaluation of Itch-Associated Cutaneous Factors","volume":"149","author":"Nakamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15336","article-title":"Siramesine Causes Preferential Apoptosis of Mast Cells in Skin Biopsies from Psoriatic Lesions","volume":"177","author":"Hagforsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dattola, A., Silvestri, M., Tamburi, F., Amoruso, G.F., Bennardo, L., and Nistic\u00f2, S.P. (2020). Emerging Role of anti-IL23 in the Treatment of Psoriasis: When Humanized Is Very Promising. Dermatol. Ther., 33.","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14504"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-180875","article-title":"Impact of Yoga Based Mind-Body Intervention on Systemic Inflammatory Markers and Co-Morbid Depression in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"37","author":"Gautam","year":"2019","journal-title":"RNN"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/24\/13252\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:44:01Z","timestamp":1760168641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/24\/13252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms222413252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222413252","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]}}}