{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T22:31:21Z","timestamp":1792276281232,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this review, we focus on the actual understanding of the role of IL-33 in vascular biology in the context of the historical development since the description of IL-33 as a member of IL-1 superfamily and the ligand for ST2 receptor in 2005. We summarize recent data on the biology, structure and signaling of this dual-function factor with both nuclear and extracellular cytokine properties. We describe cellular sources of IL-33, particularly within vascular wall, changes in its expression in different cardio-vascular conditions and mechanisms of IL-33 release. Additionally, we summarize the regulators of IL-33 expression as well as the effects of IL-33 itself in cells of the vasculature and in monocytes\/macrophages in vitro combined with the consequences of IL-33 modulation in models of vascular diseases in vivo. Described in murine atherosclerosis models as well as in macrophages as an atheroprotective cytokine, extracellular IL-33 induces proinflammatory, prothrombotic and proangiogenic activation of human endothelial cells, which are processes known to be involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We, therefore, discuss that IL-33 can possess both protective and harmful effects in experimental models of vascular pathologies depending on experimental conditions, type and dose of administration or method of modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T08:17:58Z","timestamp":1639124278000},"page":"13288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Paradigm Change of IL-33 in Vascular Biology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0601-0667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svitlana","family":"Demyanets","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Stojkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinic Ottakring, 1160 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Medical School, Sigmund Freud University, 1020 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Wojta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.09.015","article-title":"IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines","volume":"23","author":"Schmitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.012","article-title":"Interleukin-1 and Related Cytokines in the Regulation of Inflammation and Immunity","volume":"50","author":"Mantovani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.34","article-title":"HMGB1, IL-1alpha, IL-33 and S100 proteins: Dual-function alarmins","volume":"14","author":"Bertheloot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. 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