{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:58:12Z","timestamp":1790895492880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]],"date-time":"2021-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108-2314-B-195-006-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2314-B-195-006-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-2811-B-195-500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2811-B-195-500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-2811-B-195-501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2811-B-195-501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004861","name":"Mackay Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MMH-E-110-15, MMH-E-111-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMH-E-110-15, MMH-E-111-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004861","name":"Mackay Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MMH-E-107-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMH-E-107-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Central and peripheral nerve injuries can lead to permanent paralysis and organ dysfunction. In recent years, many cell and exosome implantation techniques have been developed in an attempt to restore function after nerve injury with promising but generally unsatisfactory clinical results. Clinical outcome may be enhanced by bio-scaffolds specifically fabricated to provide the appropriate three-dimensional (3D) conduit, growth-permissive substrate, and trophic factor support required for cell survival and regeneration. In rodents, these scaffolds have been shown to promote axonal regrowth and restore limb motor function following experimental spinal cord or sciatic nerve injury. Combining the appropriate cell\/exosome and scaffold type may thus achieve tissue repair and regeneration with safety and efficacy sufficient for routine clinical application. In this review, we describe the efficacies of bio-scaffolds composed of various natural polysaccharides (alginate, chitin, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid), protein polymers (gelatin, collagen, silk fibroin, fibrin, and keratin), and self-assembling peptides for repair of nerve injury. In addition, we review the capacities of these constructs for supporting in vitro cell-adhesion, mechano-transduction, proliferation, and differentiation as well as the in vivo properties critical for a successful clinical outcome, including controlled degradation and re-absorption. Finally, we describe recent advances in 3D bio-printing for nerve regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:28:11Z","timestamp":1639358891000},"page":"13347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Bio-Scaffolds as Cell or Exosome Carriers for Nerve Injury Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6050-2091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raju","family":"Poongodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Lun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao-Hsiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Hsien","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuender D.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Science, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Chieh","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2384-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Kun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2017.0081","article-title":"Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: New Trends and Directions\u2014A Year in Review","volume":"23","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. 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