{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:15:04Z","timestamp":1790194504586,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]],"date-time":"2021-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001501","name":"University Grants Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["318744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["318744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science &amp; Technology","award":["SR\/FST\/LSI-532\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR\/FST\/LSI-532\/2012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012706","name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30.610.013.110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30.610.013.110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Minister of Science and Higher Education","award":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Copper (Cu) is an essential element involved in various metabolic processes in plants, but at concentrations above the threshold level, it becomes a potential stress factor. The effects of two different cytokinins, kinetin (KIN) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), on chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, stomatal responses and antioxidation mechanisms in castor (Ricinus communis L.) under Cu2+ toxicity was investigated. Ricinus communis plants were exposed to 80 and 160 \u03bcM CuSO4 added to the growth medium. Foliar spraying of 15 \u03bcM KIN and BAP was carried out on these seedlings. The application of these cytokinins enhanced the tissue water status, chlorophyll contents, stomatal opening and photosynthetic efficiency in the castor plants subjected to Cu2+ stress. The fluorescence parameters, such as Fm, Fv\/Fo, Sm, photochemical and non-photochemical quantum yields, energy absorbed, energy trapped and electron transport per cross-sections, were more efficiently modulated by BAP application than KIN under Cu2+ toxicity. There was also effective alleviation of reactive oxygen species by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidation systems, reducing the membrane lipid peroxidation, which brought about a relative enhancement in the membrane stability index. Of the various treatments, 80 \u00b5M CuSO4 + BAP recorded the highest increase in photosynthetic efficiency compared to other cytokinin treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that BAP could effectively alleviate the detrimental effects of Cu2+toxicity in cotyledonary leaves of R. communis by effectively modulating stomatal responses and antioxidation mechanisms, thereby enhancing the photosynthetic apparatus\u2019 functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:28:11Z","timestamp":1639358891000},"page":"13349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["6-Benzylaminopurine Alleviates the Impact of Cu2+ Toxicity on Photosynthetic Performance of Ricinus communis L. Seedlings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8421-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puthukkolli P.","family":"Sameena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Calicut University P.O., Malappuram 673635, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3833-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazem M.","family":"Kalaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7880-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystyna","family":"\u017buk-Go\u0142aszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrotechnology and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 8, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Horaczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Life Sciences\u2014National Research Institute, Falenty, Al. Hrabska 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3317-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Sierka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska, 40-032 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5075-3172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos T.","family":"Puthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Calicut University P.O., Malappuram 673635, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2015.11.006","article-title":"Cadmium stress in cotton seedlings: Physiological, photosynthesis and oxidative damages alleviated by glycinebetaine","volume":"104","author":"Farooq","year":"2016","journal-title":"S. 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