{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T14:52:42Z","timestamp":1793976762678,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["731944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["731944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy of mainly the salivary and lacrimal glands associated with high prevalence of lymphoma. Akt is a phosphoinositide-dependent serine\/threonine kinase, controlling numerous pathological processes, including oncogenesis and autoimmunity. Herein, we sought to examine its implication in pSS pathogenesis and related lymphomagenesis. The expression of the entire and activated forms of Akt (partially and fully activated: phosphorylated at threonine-308 (T308) and serine-473 (S473), respectively), and two of its substrates, the proline-rich Akt-substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40) and FoxO1 transcription factor has been immunohistochemically examined in minor salivary glands (MSG) of pSS patients (n = 29; including 9 with pSS-associated lymphoma) and sicca-complaining controls (sicca-controls; n = 10). The entire and phosphorylated Akt, PRAS40, and FoxO1 molecules were strongly, uniformly expressed in the MSG epithelia and infiltrating mononuclear cells of pSS patients, but not sicca-controls. Morphometric analysis revealed that the staining intensity of the fully activated phospho-Akt-S473 in pSS patients (with or without lymphoma) was significantly higher than sicca-controls. Akt pathway activation was independent from the extent or proximity of infiltrates, as well as other disease features, including lymphoma. Our findings support that the Akt pathway is specifically activated in MSGs of pSS patients, revealing novel therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T09:34:25Z","timestamp":1639474465000},"page":"13441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Akt Signaling Pathway Is Activated in the Minor Salivary Glands of Patients with Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9977-4035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioanna E.","family":"Stergiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2832-0116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loukas","family":"Chatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asimina","family":"Papanikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology, Evangelismos Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavroula","family":"Giannouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios G.","family":"Tzioufas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Voulgarelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efstathia K.","family":"Kapsogeorgou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.01.002","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: What we know and what we should learn","volume":"39","author":"Tzioufas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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