{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:25:39Z","timestamp":1783938339520,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006598","name":"Enterprise Estonia (Estonia)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EU48695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU48695"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006598","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Estonian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IUT34\u201319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUT34\u201319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Estonian Ministry of Education and Research","award":["KOGU\u2013HUMB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KOGU\u2013HUMB"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of sexually transmitted infections (STI) on male fertility is controversial. Aims: To investigate the prevalence of urethritis-associated STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, trichomoniasis) among infertile males; to analyze the effect of STIs on semen parameters and blood PSA. Case-control study. Study group (n = 2000): males with fertility problems or desire for fertility check. Control group (n = 248): male partners of pregnant women. Analyses: polymerase chain reaction for STI, seminal interleukin 6 (IL-6), semen and fractionated urine, blood analyses (PSA, reproductive hormones). The prevalence of M. genitalium and chlamydia in the study group was 1.1% and 1.2%, respectively. The prevalence of chlamydia in the control group was 1.6%, while there were no M. genitalium cases. No cases with gonorrhoeae or trichomoniasis or combined infections were observed in neither group. There was a higher seminal concentration of neutrophils and IL-6 among M. genitalium positives compared with STI negatives. There was a trend toward a lower total count of spermatozoa and progressive motility among STI positives. No impact of STIs on PSA was found. The prevalence of STIs among infertile males is low. M. genitalium is associated with seminal inflammation. The impact of STIs on semen parameters deserves further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T09:02:19Z","timestamp":1639558939000},"page":"13467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Mycoplasma genitalium Provokes Seminal Inflammation among Infertile Males"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9679-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Tjagur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology Centre, Tartu University Hospital, Ludvig Puusepa 8 Street, 50406 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19 Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9747-3618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reet","family":"M\u00e4ndar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology Centre, Tartu University Hospital, Ludvig Puusepa 8 Street, 50406 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19 Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Teaduspargi 13 Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olev","family":"Poolamets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology Centre, Tartu University Hospital, Ludvig Puusepa 8 Street, 50406 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristjan","family":"Pomm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology Centre, Tartu University Hospital, Ludvig Puusepa 8 Street, 50406 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margus","family":"Punab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology Centre, Tartu University Hospital, Ludvig Puusepa 8 Street, 50406 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19 Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.09.009","article-title":"International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, 2009","volume":"92","author":"Adamson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. 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