{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:38:26Z","timestamp":1790509106276,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2017-84165-C2-2-R and PID2020-115403RB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2017-84165-C2-2-R and PID2020-115403RB-C22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDIFEDER\/2018\/056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDIFEDER\/2018\/056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Several studies have demonstrated that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have a role in NoV and RV infections since their presence on the gut epithelial surfaces is essential for the susceptibility to many NoV and RV genotypes. Polymorphisms in genes that code for enzymes required for HBGAs synthesis lead to secretor or non-secretor and Lewis positive or Lewis negative individuals. While secretor individuals appear to be more susceptible to RV infections, regarding NoVs infections, there are too many discrepancies that prevent the ability to draw conclusions. A second factor that influences enteric viral infections is the gut microbiota of the host. In vitro and animal studies have determined that the gut microbiota limits, but in some cases enhances enteric viral infection. The ways that microbiota can enhance NoV or RV infection include virion stabilization and promotion of virus attachment to host cells, whereas experiments with microbiota-depleted and germ-free animals point to immunoregulation as the mechanism by which the microbiota restrict infection. Human trials with live, attenuated RV vaccines and analysis of the microbiota in responder and non-responder individuals also allowed the identification of bacterial taxa linked to vaccine efficacy. As more information is gained on the complex relationships that are established between the host (glycobiology and immune system), the gut microbiota and intestinal viruses, new avenues will open for the development of novel anti-NoV and anti-RV therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T09:02:19Z","timestamp":1639558939000},"page":"13473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Role of Host Glycobiology and Gut Microbiota in Rotavirus and Norovirus Infection, an Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Nazaret","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Gil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1698-5062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Santiso-Bell\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3427-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Gozalbo-Rovira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3328-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Buesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Monedero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9698-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, September 10). The Top 10 Causes of Death. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00680.x","article-title":"Norovirus pathogenesis: Mechanisms of persistence and immune evasion in human populations","volume":"225","author":"Donaldson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1013","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Estimates of Rotavirus Mortality in Children <5 Years of Age, 2000\u20132013","volume":"62","author":"Tate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. 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