{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:55:41Z","timestamp":1771930541371,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP190100304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP190100304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200517\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200517\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000828","name":"Royal Society of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200517\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200517\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"Higher Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDRF Phase II Batch-V; NRPU No.20-3891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDRF Phase II Batch-V; NRPU No.20-3891"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The snake genus Daboia (Viperidae: Viperinae; Oppel, 1811) contains five species: D. deserti, D. mauritanica, and D. palaestinae, found in Afro-Arabia, and the Russell\u2019s vipers D. russelii and D. siamensis, found in Asia. Russell\u2019s vipers are responsible for a major proportion of the medically important snakebites that occur in the regions they inhabit, and their venoms are notorious for their coagulopathic effects. While widely documented, the extent of venom variation within the Russell\u2019s vipers is poorly characterised, as is the venom activity of other species within the genus. In this study we investigated variation in the haemotoxic activity of Daboia using twelve venoms from all five species, including multiple variants of D. russelii, D. siamensis, and D. palaestinae. We tested the venoms on human plasma using thromboelastography, dose-response coagulometry analyses, and calibrated automated thrombography, and on human fibrinogen by thromboelastography and fibrinogen gels. We assessed activation of blood factors X and prothrombin by the venoms using fluorometry. Variation in venom activity was evident in all experiments. The Asian species D. russelii and D. siamensis and the African species D. mauritanica possessed procoagulant venom, while D. deserti and D. palaestinae were net-anticoagulant. Of the Russell\u2019s vipers, the venom of D. siamensis from Myanmar was most toxic and D. russelli of Sri Lanka the least. Activation of both factor X and prothrombin was evident by all venoms, though at differential levels. Fibrinogenolytic activity varied extensively throughout the genus and followed no phylogenetic trends. This venom variability underpins one of the many challenges facing treatment of Daboia snakebite envenoming. Comprehensive analyses of available antivenoms in neutralising these variable venom activities are therefore of utmost importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T21:47:36Z","timestamp":1639604856000},"page":"13486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Genus-Wide Bioactivity Analysis of Daboia (Viperinae: Viperidae) Viper Venoms Reveals Widespread Variation in Haemotoxic Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3650-5129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"op den Brouw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1275-3654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco C. P.","family":"Coimbra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8035-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Casewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0226-8257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Abid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Freek J.","family":"Vonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6661-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan G.","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schendel, V., Rash, L.D., Jenner, R.A., and Undheim, E.A. 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