{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:36:03Z","timestamp":1791959763242,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science","award":["SAF 2007-62262; SAF\/FEDER2013-49076-P; FIS PI1002827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAF 2007-62262; SAF\/FEDER2013-49076-P; FIS PI1002827"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007801","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Seneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FS\/15329\/PI\/10 and 20847\/PI\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS\/15329\/PI\/10 and 20847\/PI\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["FPU18\/02549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU18\/02549"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysautonomia is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Most dysautonomic symptoms appear due to alterations in the peripheral nerves of the autonomic nervous system, including both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The degeneration of sympathetic nerve fibers and neurons leads to cardiovascular dysfunction, which is highly prevalent in PD patients. Cardiac alterations such as orthostatic hypotension, heart rate variability, modifications in cardiogram parameters and baroreflex dysfunction can appear in both the early and late stages of PD, worsening as the disease progresses. In PD patients it is generally found that parasympathetic activity is decreased, while sympathetic activity is increased. This situation gives rise to an imbalance of both tonicities which might, in turn, promote a higher risk of cardiac damage through tachycardia and vasoconstriction. Cardiovascular abnormalities can also appear as a side effect of PD treatment: L-DOPA can decrease blood pressure and aggravate orthostatic hypotension as a result of a negative inotropic effect on the heart. This unwanted side effect limits the therapeutic use of L-DOPA in geriatric patients with PD and can contribute to the number of hospital admissions. Therefore, it is essential to define the cardiac features related to PD for the monitorization of the heart condition in parkinsonian individuals. This information can allow the application of intervention strategies to improve the course of the disease and the proposition of new alternatives for its treatment to eliminate or reverse the motor and non-motor symptoms, especially in geriatric patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T11:27:36Z","timestamp":1639654056000},"page":"13488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Cardiac Changes in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Lessons from Clinical and Experimental Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1589-2139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Cuenca-Bermejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group\/Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (NiCE-IMIB)\/Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1576-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Almela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Navarro-Zaragoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez Villalba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group\/Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (NiCE-IMIB)\/Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana-Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cuello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group\/Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (NiCE-IMIB)\/Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Luisa","family":"Laorden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4953-1446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda-Trinidad","family":"Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group\/Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (NiCE-IMIB)\/Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"573","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: A short story of 200 years","volume":"34","author":"Cuenca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Histol. 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