{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:05:17Z","timestamp":1793045117899,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-19-0324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-19-0324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-15-0766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-15-0766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["VEGA 2\/0145\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 2\/0145\/21"]}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences","award":["VEGA 2\/0098\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 2\/0098\/20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits an acute inflammatory response which comprises numerous cell populations. It is driven by the immediate response of macrophages and microglia, which triggers activation of genes responsible for the dysregulated microenvironment within the lesion site and in the spinal cord parenchyma immediately adjacent to the lesion. Recently published data indicate that microglia induces astrocyte activation and determines the fate of astrocytes. Conversely, astrocytes have the potency to trigger microglial activation and control their cellular functions. Here we review current information about the release of diverse signaling molecules (pro-inflammatory vs. anti-inflammatory) in individual cell phenotypes (microglia, astrocytes, blood inflammatory cells) in acute and subacute SCI stages, and how they contribute to delayed neuronal death in the surrounding spinal cord tissue which is spared and functional but reactive. In addition, temporal correlation in progressive degeneration of neurons and astrocytes and their functional interactions after SCI are discussed. Finally, the review highlights the time-dependent transformation of reactive microglia and astrocytes into their neuroprotective phenotypes (M2a, M2c and A2) which are crucial for spontaneous post-SCI locomotor recovery. We also provide suggestions on how to modulate the inflammation and discuss key therapeutic approaches leading to better functional outcome after SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]],"date-time":"2021-12-19T20:37:27Z","timestamp":1639946247000},"page":"13577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Glial-Neuronal Interactions in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Nadezda","family":"Lukacova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4\u20136, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kisucka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4\u20136, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9920-3665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"Kiss Bimbova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4\u20136, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bacova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4\u20136, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ileninova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4\u20136, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0890-9548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Kuruc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4\u20136, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Galik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4\u20136, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.09.008","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: Plasticity, regeneration and the challenge of translational drug development","volume":"32","author":"Blesch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9404-7","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G: A potential treatment to attenuate neuroinflammation following spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Fehlings","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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