{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T22:03:21Z","timestamp":1792274601717,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRC\/TR 296 \u201cLocal control of TH action\u201d (LocoTact, P17)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC\/TR 296 \u201cLocal control of TH action\u201d (LocoTact, P17)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["research unit FOR-2558 \u201cTraceAge\u201d (Scho 849\/6-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["research unit FOR-2558 \u201cTraceAge\u201d (Scho 849\/6-2)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperandrogenemia and ovulatory dysfunction are hallmarks of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), pointing to a deranged hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. An autoimmune etiology of PCOS is suspected in a subset of patients due to the relatively high concordance of PCOS with common autoimmune diseases. For this reason, we tested the hypothesis that natural autoantibodies (aAb) to the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) or luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) are prevalent in PCOS. To this end, new luminometric assays for quantifying aAb to the FSHR (FSHR-aAb) or LHR (LHR-aAb) were developed using full-length recombinant human receptors as fusion proteins with luciferase as reporter. Prevalence of FSHR-aAb and LHR-aAb was determined in serum samples from healthy controls and PCOS patients. Steroid hormone profiles were compared between patients with and without FSHR-aAb or LHR-aAb. Signal linearity and detection ranges were characterized and both methods passed basic performance quality checks. The analysis revealed a relatively low prevalence, with 4 out of 430 samples positive for FSHR-aAb in the control versus 11 out of 550 samples in the PCOS group, i.e., 0.9% versus 2.0%, respectively. Similarly, there were only 5 samples positive for LHR-aAb in the control versus 2 samples in the PCOS group, i.e., 1.2% versus 0.4%, respectively. Samples positive for FSHR-aAb displayed steroid hormones in the typical range of PCOS patients, whereas the two samples positive for LHR-aAb showed relatively elevated free testosterone in relation to total testosterone concentrations with unclear significance. We conclude that the FSHR and LHR constitute potential autoantigens in human subjects. However, the prevalence of specific autoantibodies to these receptors is relatively low, both in control subjects and in women with PCOS. It is therefore unlikely that autoimmunity to the LHR or FSHR constitutes a frequent cause of hyperandrogenemia or ovulatory dysfunction in PCOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T04:35:57Z","timestamp":1640061357000},"page":"13667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Autoimmunity to the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR) and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (LHR) in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hanna A.","family":"Schniewind","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa-Marie","family":"Sattler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3872-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph W.","family":"Haudum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Lab Platform, Department of Internal Medicine and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"M\u00fcnzker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Lab Platform, Department of Internal Medicine and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldemar B.","family":"Minich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3543-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Obermayer-Pietsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Lab Platform, Department of Internal Medicine and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9445-1555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutz","family":"Schomburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_95_18","article-title":"The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: A brief systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Deswal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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