{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T20:33:51Z","timestamp":1786480431436,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["902\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["902\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["374031971 \u2013 TRR 240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["374031971 \u2013 TRR 240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional antithrombotic agents commonly share a therapy-limiting side effect, as they increase the overall systemic bleeding risk. A novel approach for targeted antithrombotic therapy is nanoparticles. In other therapeutic fields, nanoparticles have enabled site-specific delivery with low levels of toxicity and side effects. Here, we paired nanotechnology with an established dimeric glycoprotein VI-Fc (GPVI-Fc) and a GPVI-CD39 fusion protein, thereby combining site-specific delivery and new antithrombotic drugs. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, NP-BSA, NP-GPVI and NP-GPVI-CD39 were characterized through electron microscopy, atomic force measurements and flow cytometry. Light transmission aggregometry enabled analysis of platelet aggregation. Thrombus formation was observed through flow chamber experiments. NP-GPVI and NP-GPVI-CD39 displayed a characteristic surface coating pattern. Fluorescence properties were identical amongst all samples. NP-GPVI and NP-GPVI-CD39 significantly impaired platelet aggregation. Thrombus formation was significantly impaired by NP-GPVI and was particularly impaired by NP-GPVI-CD39. The receptor-coated nanoparticles NP-GPVI and the bifunctional molecule NP-GPVI-CD39 demonstrated significant inhibition of in vitro thrombus formation. Consequently, the nanoparticle-mediated antithrombotic effect of GPVI-Fc, as well as GPVI-CD39, and an additive impact of CD39 was confirmed. In conclusion, NP-GPVI and NP-GPVI-CD39 may serve as a promising foundation for a novel therapeutic approach regarding targeted antithrombotic therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T09:50:43Z","timestamp":1640080243000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterization of GPVI- or GPVI-CD39-Coated Nanoparticles and Their Impact on In Vitro Thrombus Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jeremy A.","family":"Nestele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5469-3648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Katrin","family":"Rohlfing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7635-4102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Dicenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Bild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ei\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"},{"name":"DFG Heisenberg Group Thrombocardiology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9564-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic","family":"Emschermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1174-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Kremser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0196-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"Krutzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Physics, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5643-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilman E.","family":"Sch\u00e4ffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Physics, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Borst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"},{"name":"DFG Heisenberg Group Thrombocardiology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moran","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7244-889X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Netanel","family":"Korin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1124-9592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meinrad Paul","family":"Gawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021). 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