{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:52:32Z","timestamp":1791564752814,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mercury is a severe environmental pollutant with neurotoxic effects, especially when exposed for long periods. Although there are several evidences regarding mercury toxicity, little is known about inorganic mercury (IHg) species and cerebellum, one of the main targets of mercury associated with the neurological symptomatology of mercurial poisoning. Besides that, the global proteomic profile assessment is a valuable tool to screen possible biomarkers and elucidate molecular targets of mercury neurotoxicity; however, the literature is still scarce. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term exposure to IHg in adult rats\u2019 cerebellum and explore the modulation of the cerebellar proteome associated with biochemical and functional outcomes, providing evidence, in a translational perspective, of new mercury toxicity targets and possible biomarkers. Fifty-four adult rats were exposed to 0.375 mg\/kg of HgCl2 or distilled water for 45 days using intragastric gavage. Then, the motor functions were evaluated by rotarod and inclined plane. The cerebellum was collected to quantify mercury levels, to assess the antioxidant activity against peroxyl radicals (ACAPs), the lipid peroxidation (LPO), the proteomic profile, the cell death nature by cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and the Purkinje cells density. The IHg exposure increased mercury levels in the cerebellum, reducing ACAP and increasing LPO. The proteomic approach revealed a total 419 proteins with different statuses of regulation, associated with different biological processes, such as synaptic signaling, energy metabolism and nervous system development, e.g., all these molecular changes are associated with increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis, with a neurodegenerative pattern on Purkinje cells layer and poor motor coordination and balance. In conclusion, all these findings feature a neurodegenerative process triggered by IHg in the cerebellum that culminated into motor functions deficits, which are associated with several molecular features and may be related to the clinical outcomes of people exposed to the toxicant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T02:01:19Z","timestamp":1640224879000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["From Molecules to Behavior in Long-Term Inorganic Mercury Intoxication: Unraveling Proteomic Features in Cerebellar Neurodegeneration of Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Leonardo Oliveira","family":"Bittencourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vict\u00f3ria Santos","family":"Chemelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4578-1106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walessa Alana Bragan\u00e7a","family":"Arag\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5570-8530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Puty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8687-0124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Dionizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Bruno","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mileni Silva","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia Cristina Freitas","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7004-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luanna Melo Pereira","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6315-3352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edivaldo Herculano Corr\u00eaa","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Environmental Session, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 66093-020, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5985-3951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilia Afonso Rabelo","family":"Buzalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1335-6853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Crespo-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-7375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane do Socorro 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