{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:44:09Z","timestamp":1789191849991,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science in the &quot;Regional Initiative of Excellence&quot; programme","award":["016\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["016\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanomedicine is currently showing great promise for new methods of diagnosing and treating many diseases, particularly in kidney disease and transplantation. The unique properties of nanoparticles arise from the diversity of size effects, used to design targeted nanoparticles for specific cells or tissues, taking renal clearance and tubular secretion mechanisms into account. The design of surface particles on nanoparticles offers a wide range of possibilities, among which antibodies play an important role. Nanoparticles find applications in encapsulated drug delivery systems containing immunosuppressants and other drugs, in imaging, gene therapies and many other branches of medicine. They have the potential to revolutionize kidney transplantation by reducing and preventing ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury, more efficiently delivering drugs to the graft site while avoiding systemic effects, accurately localizing and visualising the diseased site and enabling continuous monitoring of graft function. So far, there are known nanoparticles with no toxic effects on human tissue, although further studies are still needed to confirm their safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T10:16:18Z","timestamp":1640254578000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The Application of Nanoparticles in Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5701-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Paluszkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medical Service, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3620-6380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Martuszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Zar\u0119ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2119-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Wala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0588-1551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Banasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0935-5663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Kepinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498420","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/498420","article-title":"Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials: Implication in Associated Toxic Manifestations","volume":"2014","author":"Gatoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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