{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T13:43:17Z","timestamp":1776087797784,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which affects 5\u201310% of women of reproductive age, is associated with reproductive and metabolic disorders, such as chronic anovulation, infertility, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanism of PCOS is still unknown. Therefore, this study used a letrozole-exposed mouse model in which mice were orally fed letrozole for 20 weeks to investigate the effects of letrozole on the severity of reproductive and metabolic consequences and the expression of cysteine\u2013cysteine motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in letrozole-induced PCOS mice. The letrozole-treated mice showed a disrupted estrous cycle and were arrested in the diestrus phase. Letrozole treatment also increased plasma testosterone levels, decreased estradiol levels, and caused multicystic follicle formation. Furthermore, histological analysis of the perigonadal white adipose tissue (pgWAT) showed no significant difference in the size and number of adipocytes between the letrozole-treated mice and the control group. Further, the letrozole-treated mice demonstrated glucose intolerance and insulin resistance during oral glucose and insulin tolerance testing. Additionally, the expression of CCR5 and cysteine-cysteine motif ligand 5 (CCL5) were significantly higher in the pgWAT of the letrozole-treated mice compared with the control group. CCR5 and CCL5 were also significantly correlated with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Finally, the mechanisms of insulin resistance in PCOS may be caused by an increase in serine phosphorylation and a decrease in Akt phosphorylation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T10:16:18Z","timestamp":1640254578000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cysteine\u2013Cysteine Motif Chemokine Receptor 5 Expression in Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kok-Min","family":"Seow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pin-Shiou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4758-0351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Hu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 231, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luen-Kui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Hong","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiann-Loung","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taipei IVF, Taipei 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-8541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng-Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Female Cancer Foundation, Taipei 104, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5935-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Chang","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2434","article-title":"A prospective study of the prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected Caucasian women from Spain","volume":"85","author":"Asuncion","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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