{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:20:08Z","timestamp":1790360408305,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly abused psychostimulant that is neurotoxic to dopaminergic (DAergic) nerve terminals in the striatum and increases the risk of developing Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). In vivo, METH-mediated DA release, followed by DA-mediated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in pre- and postsynaptic neurons, mediates METH neurotoxicity. METH-triggered oxidative stress damages parkin, a neuroprotective protein involved in PD etiology via its involvement in the maintenance of mitochondria. It is not known whether METH itself contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and whether parkin regulates complex I, an enzymatic complex downregulated in PD. To determine this, we separately assessed the effects of METH or DA alone on electron transport chain (ETC) complexes and the protein parkin in isolated striatal mitochondria. We show that METH decreases the levels of selected complex I, II, and III subunits (NDUFS3, SDHA, and UQCRC2, respectively), whereas DA decreases the levels only of the NDUFS3 subunit in our preparations. We also show that the selected subunits are not decreased in synaptosomal mitochondria under similar experimental conditions. Finally, we found that parkin overexpression does not influence the levels of the NDUFS3 subunit in rat striatum. The presented results indicate that METH itself is a factor promoting dysfunction of striatal mitochondria; therefore, it is a potential drug target against METH neurotoxicity. The observed decreases in ETC complex subunits suggest that DA and METH decrease activities of the ETC complexes via oxidative damage to their subunits and that synaptosomal mitochondria may be somewhat \u201cresistant\u201d to DA- and METH-induced disruption in mitochondrial ETC complexes than perikaryal mitochondria. The results also suggest that parkin does not regulate NDUFS3 turnover in rat striatum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T23:31:35Z","timestamp":1640820695000},"page":"363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Dopamine and Methamphetamine Differentially Affect Electron Transport Chain Complexes and Parkin in Rat Striatum: New Insight into Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Viktoriia","family":"Bazylianska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akhil","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heli","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5485-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Mind Institute, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9927-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Moszczynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"SAMHSA (2020). Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.003","article-title":"Methamphetamine: An update on epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical phenomenology, and treatment literature","volume":"143","author":"Courtney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2011.05.004","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse","volume":"29","author":"Rusyniak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2006.03.015","article-title":"Amphetamine exposure is elevated in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Garwood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.013","article-title":"Increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in individuals hospitalized with conditions related to the use of methamphetamine or other amphetamine-type drugs","volume":"120","author":"Callaghan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.027","article-title":"Methamphetamine\/amphetamine abuse and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Utah: A population-based assessment","volume":"146","author":"Curtin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00054-6","article-title":"Methamphetamine neurotoxicity: Necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms and relevance to human abuse and treatment","volume":"36","author":"Davidson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1808-19.2019","article-title":"A Mutation in Hnrnph1 That Decreases Methamphetamine-Induced Reinforcement, Reward, and Dopamine Release and Increases Synaptosomal hnRNP H and Mitochondrial Proteins","volume":"40","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113811","article-title":"Parkin-deficient rats are resistant to neurotoxicity of chronic high-dose methamphetamine","volume":"345","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1042\/bss0660085","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"66","author":"Greenamyre","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Sympos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosch, P.J., Peng, L., and Kivell, B.M. (2015). Proteomics Analysis of Dorsal Striatum Reveals Changes in Synaptosomal Proteins following Methamphetamine Self-Administration in Rats. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139829"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12496","article-title":"Co-administration of betulinic acid and methamphetamine causes toxicity to dopaminergic and serotonergic nerve terminals in the striatum of late adolescent rats","volume":"128","author":"Killinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.39.110304.095751","article-title":"A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: A dawn for evolutionary medicine","volume":"39","author":"Wallace","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00186","article-title":"The Main Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Methamphetamine- Induced Neurotoxicity and Implications for Pharmacological Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4102","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-04102.1995","article-title":"Amphetamine redistributes dopamine from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol and promotes reverse transport","volume":"15 Pt 2","author":"Sulzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0295com","article-title":"Methamphetamine induces neuronal apoptosis via cross-talks between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-dependent death cascades","volume":"18","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beauvais, G., Atwell, K., Jayanthi, S., Ladenheim, B., and Cadet, J.L. (2011). Involvement of dopamine receptors in binge methamphetamine-induced activation of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress pathways. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028946"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.02.060","article-title":"Parkin-mediated selective mitochondrial autophagy, mitophagy: Parkin purges damaged organelles from the vital mitochondrial network","volume":"584","author":"Tanaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.12.007","article-title":"PINK1 and Parkin control localized translation of respiratory chain component mRNAs on mitochondria outer membrane","volume":"21","author":"Gehrke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metabol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6400","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221132110","article-title":"The PINK1-Parkin pathway promotes both mitophagy and selective respiratory chain turnover in vivo","volume":"110","author":"Vincow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21492","article-title":"Mitochondrial function and morphology are impaired in parkin-mutant fibroblasts","volume":"64","author":"Mortiboys","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199905)45:5<668::AID-ANA19>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and subcellular localization of Parkin protein: Absence of protein in autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism patients","volume":"45","author":"Shimura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S325","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100363","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.07147.x","article-title":"Methamphetamine oxidatively damages parkin and decreases the activity of 26S proteasome in vivo","volume":"116","author":"Moszczynska","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.01.001","article-title":"Overexpression of parkin in the rat nigrostriatal dopamine system protects against methamphetamine neurotoxicity","volume":"247","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0818","article-title":"Diminished superoxide generation is associated with respiratory chain dysfunction and changes in the mitochondrial proteome of sensory neurons from diabetic rats","volume":"60","author":"Akude","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4170","article-title":"Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and rapid depletion of mitochondrial glutathione by beta-phenethyl isothiocyanate: Mechanisms for anti-leukemia activity","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antiox. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2009.12.013","article-title":"Structure and function of mitochondrial supercomplexes","volume":"1797","author":"Dudkina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00425.x","article-title":"Apoptotic signaling in dopamine-induced cell death: The role of oxidative stress, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, cytochrome c and caspases","volume":"78","author":"Junn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.02.013","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by quinone oxidation products of dopamine: Implications in dopamine cytotoxicity and pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1812","author":"Jana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(01)00228-6","article-title":"Inborn errors of complex II-unusual human mitochondrial diseases","volume":"1553","author":"Rustin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470725207.ch2","article-title":"Outer mitochondrial membrane protein degradation by the proteasome","volume":"287","author":"Neutzner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Novartis Found. Symp."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1314","article-title":"Dopamine covalently modifies and functionally inactivates parkin","volume":"11","author":"LaVoie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00296","article-title":"Functional Mitochondria in Health and Disease","volume":"8","author":"Herst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2434","article-title":"Cytochrome c: Functions beyond respiration","volume":"9","author":"Ow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C755","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1990.258.5.C755","article-title":"Mechanisms by which mitochondria transport calcium","volume":"258 Pt 1","author":"Gunter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.38","article-title":"Mitochondrial quality control: A matter of life and death for neurons","volume":"31","author":"Rugarli","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3576","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-09-0858","article-title":"Apoptosome-deficient cells lose cytochrome c through proteasomal degradation but survive by autophagy-dependent glycolysis","volume":"19","author":"Ferraro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-013-0919-3","article-title":"Induction of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore opening and ROS formation as a mechanism for methamphetamine-induced mitochondrial toxicity","volume":"387","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2007.07.005","article-title":"Dopamine enhances mtNOS activity: Implications in mitochondrial function","volume":"1767","author":"Czerniczyniec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2007.10.006","article-title":"Dopamine modulates mitochondrial function in viable SH-SY5Y cells possibly via its interaction with complex I: Relevance to dopamine pathology in schizophrenia","volume":"1777","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.00938.x","article-title":"Inhibition of brain mitochondrial respiration by dopamine: Involvement of H(2)O(2) and hydroxyl radicals but not glutathione-protein-mixed disulfides","volume":"82","author":"Gluck","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2005.03.013","article-title":"Inhibition of rat brain mitochondrial electron transport chain activity by dopamine oxidation products during extended in vitro incubation: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1741","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"633","article-title":"Oxidative pathways for catecholamines in the genesis of neuromelanin and cytotoxic quinones","volume":"14","author":"Graham","year":"1978","journal-title":"Molec. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2016.08.010","article-title":"Mitochondrial nitric oxide production supported by reverse electron transfer","volume":"607","author":"Bombicino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01397-5","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase activity in mitochondria","volume":"418","author":"Ghafourifar","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11038","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.18.11038","article-title":"Production of nitric oxide by mitochondria","volume":"273","author":"Giulivi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"4436","article-title":"Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase: Current concepts and controversies","volume":"14","author":"Lacza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)01111-5","article-title":"Peroxynitrite reactions and formation in mitochondria","volume":"33","author":"Radi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.721617.x","article-title":"4-Hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal inhibits CNS mitochondrial respiration at multiple sites","volume":"72","author":"Picklo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. NeuroChem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00098","article-title":"Two dimensional blue native\/SDS-PAGE to identify mitochondrial complex I subunits modified by 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00026.2013","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release","volume":"94","author":"Zorov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903691","article-title":"Methamphetamine causes mitrochondrial oxidative damage in human T lymphocytes leading to functional impairment","volume":"185","author":"Potula","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-009-9257-z","article-title":"The role of dopamine oxidation in mitochondrial dysfunction: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Hastings","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bioenerget. Biomembran."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2007.11.007","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of rat brain mitochondria following exposure to dopamine quinone: Implications for Parkinson disease","volume":"29","author":"Dukes","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroBiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.03.004","article-title":"Proteomic identification of dopamine-conjugated proteins from isolated rat brain mitochondria and SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"34","author":"Mishizen","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroBiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2012.03.035","article-title":"A role for ubiquitinylation and the cytosolic proteasome in turnover of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)","volume":"1817","author":"Clarke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/10409230701380452","article-title":"Protein degradation within mitochondria: Versatile activities of AAA proteases and other peptidases","volume":"42","author":"Koppen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. BioChem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00264-8","article-title":"Rapid and transient inhibition of mitochondrial function following methamphetamine or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine administration","volume":"398","author":"Burrows","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145708009802","article-title":"Common effects of lithium and valproate on mitochondrial functions: Protection against methamphetamine-induced mitochondrial damage","volume":"12","author":"Bachmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-009-0042-5","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine","volume":"35","author":"Thrash","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroChem. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(98)00168-6","article-title":"Nitric oxide, mitochondria and neurological disease","volume":"1410","author":"Heales","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2012.717273","article-title":"Susceptibility of mitochondrial electron-transport complexes to oxidative damage. Focus on cytochrome c oxidase","volume":"46","author":"Musatov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Rad. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06181.x","article-title":"Regulation of mitochondrial respiration by oxygen and nitric oxide","volume":"899","author":"Boveris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1021\/pr070546l","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis revealed by proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of the striata in two mouse models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Chin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Prot. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01799660","article-title":"Lysosomal protein degradation in experimental hyperphenylalaninaemia","volume":"9","author":"Schroter","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03379.x","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced inhibition of mitochondrial complex II: Roles of glutamate and peroxynitrite","volume":"95","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. NeuroChem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-013-1117-x","article-title":"Assessment of therapeutic potential of amantadine in methamphetamine induced neurotoxicity","volume":"38","author":"Ahuja","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroChem. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.09.010","article-title":"Lithium and valproate modulate energy metabolism in an animal model of mania induced by methamphetamine","volume":"103","author":"Feier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. BioChem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-005-9025-3","article-title":"Attenuation of cocaine and methamphetamine neurotoxicity by coenzyme Q10","volume":"31","author":"Klongpanichapak","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroChem. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.09.050","article-title":"Improvement of mouse brain mitochondrial function after deprenyl treatment","volume":"144","author":"Czerniczyniec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02747.x","article-title":"Inhibition of brain mitochondrial respiration by dopamine and its metabolites: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease and catecholamine-associated diseases","volume":"91","author":"Gluck","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. NeuroChem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2011.03.013","article-title":"Characterization of reduced and oxidized dopamine and 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid, on brain mitochondrial electron transport chain activities","volume":"1807","author":"Gautam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11658","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510303200","article-title":"Synaptic mitochondria are more susceptible to Ca2+overload than nonsynaptic mitochondria","volume":"281","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13998","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.23.13998","article-title":"Subcellular localization of human voltage-dependent anion channel isoforms","volume":"270","author":"Yu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0009-19.2019","article-title":"Critical Analysis of Particle Detection Artifacts in Synaptosome Flow Cytometry","volume":"6","author":"Hobson","year":"2019","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"625","article-title":"Toward development of an in vitro model of methamphetamine-induced dopamine nerve terminal toxicity","volume":"293","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4524","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5817-10.2011","article-title":"Intrinsic bioenergetic properties and stress sensitivity of dopaminergic synaptosomes","volume":"31","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.007","article-title":"The roles of PINK1, parkin, and mitochondrial fidelity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"85","author":"Pickrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04911.x","article-title":"The effects of oxidative stress on parkin and other E3 ligases","volume":"103","author":"LaVoie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. NeuroChem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200008210-00006","article-title":"Parkin is metabolized by the ubiquitin\/proteosome system","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5.8.10050","article-title":"Mitochondrial autophagy as a compensatory response to PINK1 deficiency","volume":"5","author":"Cherra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr530","article-title":"Parkin interacts with Klokin1 for mitochondrial import and maintenance of membrane potential","volume":"21","author":"Kuroda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.11.002","article-title":"Mitochondrial quality control turns out to be the principal suspect in parkin and PINK1-related autosomal recessive Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Corti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18614","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M401135200","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in parkin-deficient mice","volume":"279","author":"Palacino","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2002.044","article-title":"Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite interactions with mitochondria","volume":"383","author":"Radi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05141.x","article-title":"Amphetamine toxicities: Classical and emerging mechanisms","volume":"1187","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.12.007","article-title":"Chronic stress augments the long-term and acute effects of methamphetamine","volume":"124","author":"Matuszewich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-06-01979.1998","article-title":"Mechanisms of amphetamine action revealed in mice lacking the dopamine transporter","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90713-J","article-title":"Methamphetamine neurotoxicity and striatal glutamate release: Comparison to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine","volume":"581","author":"Nash","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90741-5","article-title":"Effect of D-amphetamine on the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and dopamine in iprindole-treated rats","volume":"627","author":"Nash","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5013","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0557-05.2005","article-title":"Mesocortical dopamine neurons operate in distinct temporal domains using multimodal signaling","volume":"25","author":"Lavin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00872.x","article-title":"Animal research: Reporting in vivo experiments: The ARRIVE guidelines","volume":"160","author":"Kilkenny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brit. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)90932-4","article-title":"Spectroscopic analysis of the interaction between cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase","volume":"259","author":"Michel","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6534","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0014-2956.2001.02608.x","article-title":"Cytochrome c\/cytochrome c oxidase interaction. Direct structural evidence for conformational changes during enzyme turnover","volume":"268","author":"Sampson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/1\/363\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:55:40Z","timestamp":1760169340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/1\/363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23010363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23010363","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]}}}