{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:45:03Z","timestamp":1791834303834,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hallym University Research Fund","award":["Hallym University Research Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hallym University Research Fund"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","award":["NRF-2018M3A9F3020956, NRF-2019R1I1A3A01060447, NRF-2020R1I1A3073530 and NRF-2020R1A6A1A03043026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018M3A9F3020956, NRF-2019R1I1A3A01060447, NRF-2020R1I1A3073530 and NRF-2020R1A6A1A03043026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic liver disease encompasses diseases that have various causes, such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Gut microbiota dysregulation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of ALD and NAFLD through the gut\u2013liver axis. The gut microbiota consists of various microorganisms that play a role in maintaining the homeostasis of the host and release a wide number of metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), peptides, and hormones, continually shaping the host\u2019s immunity and metabolism. The integrity of the intestinal mucosal and vascular barriers is crucial to protect liver cells from exposure to harmful metabolites and pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules. Dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability may allow the liver to be exposed to abundant harmful metabolites that promote liver inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we introduce the metabolites and components derived from the gut microbiota and discuss their pathologic effect in the liver alongside recent advances in molecular-based therapeutics and novel mechanistic findings associated with the gut\u2013liver axis in ALD and NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T20:49:38Z","timestamp":1641242978000},"page":"426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Role of Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5884-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Won","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro 170 beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si 14068, Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6236-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro 170 beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si 14068, Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7922-4634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, 77, Sakju-ro, Chuncheon-si 24253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5435-6166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, 7, Keunjaebong-gil, Hwaseong-si 445-907, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jang-Han","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, 7, Keunjaebong-gil, Hwaseong-si 445-907, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myoung-Kuk","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, 18, Cheonho-daero 173-gil, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05355, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Hoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, 1, Singil-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung-Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, 1, Singil-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, 77, Sakju-ro, Chuncheon-si 24253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoung-Su","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, 18, Cheonho-daero 173-gil, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05355, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Tae","family":"Suk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, 77, Sakju-ro, Chuncheon-si 24253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byass, P. 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