{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:33:51Z","timestamp":1780695231445,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grant Agency of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GACR 18 11795Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GACR 18 11795Y"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Charles University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIMUS\/17\/MED\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIMUS\/17\/MED\/7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Charles University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Progres Q35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Progres Q35"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Charles University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GAUK 378421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAUK 378421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Charles University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["260533\/SVV\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["260533\/SVV\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u201cPharmaBrain\u201d CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_025\/0007444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cPharmaBrain\u201d CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_025\/0007444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gateway reflex is a mechanism by which neural inputs regulate chemokine expression at endothelial cell barriers, thereby establishing gateways for the invasion of autoreactive T cells into barrier-protected tissues. In this study, we hypothesized that rod photoreceptor dysfunction causes remodeling of retinal neural activity, which influences the blood\u2013retinal barrier and the development of retinal inflammation. We evaluated this hypothesis using Gnat1rd17 mice, a model of night blindness with late-onset rod-cone dystrophy, and experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). Retinal remodeling and its effect on EAU development were investigated by transcriptome profiling, target identification, and functional validation. We showed that Gnat1rd17 mice primarily underwent alterations in their retinal dopaminergic system, triggering the development of an exacerbated EAU, which was counteracted by dopamine replacement with L-DOPA administered either systemically or locally. Remarkably, dopamine acted on retinal endothelial cells to inhibit NF-\u03baB and STAT3 activity and the expression of downstream target genes such as chemokines involved in T cell recruitment. These results suggest that rod-mediated dopamine release functions in a gateway reflex manner in the homeostatic control of immune cell entry into the retina, and the loss of retinal dopaminergic activity in conditions associated with rod dysfunction increases the susceptibility to autoimmune uveitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T03:41:32Z","timestamp":1641440492000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Depletion of Retinal Dopaminergic Activity in a Mouse Model of Rod Dysfunction Exacerbates Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis: A Role for the Gateway Reflex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6579-6578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Stofkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miloslav","family":"Zloh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Andreanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6484-3870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Fiserova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kubovciak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2461-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Hejda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna Sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrik","family":"Kutilek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna Sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.9.844","article-title":"The possible impact of uveitis in blindness: A literature survey","volume":"80","author":"Rothova","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-015-0345-6","article-title":"Autoimmune uveitis: Clinical, pathogenetic, and therapeutic features","volume":"16","author":"Prete","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0433-9","article-title":"Autoimmune and autoinflammatory mechanisms in uveitis","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.4.332","article-title":"Causes and frequency of blindness in patients with intraocular inflammatory disease","volume":"80","author":"Rothova","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.10.028","article-title":"Risk of ocular complications in patients with noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, or panuveitis","volume":"123","author":"Dick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1991.tb04823.x","article-title":"Retinal function in birdshot retinochoroidopathy","volume":"69","author":"Hirose","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"199","article-title":"Electrophysiological examination in uveitis: A review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Moschos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-926580","article-title":"Autoimmune retinal dysfunction in sarcoid chorioretinopathy","volume":"223","author":"Koestinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Klin. Mon. Augenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3689-7","article-title":"Retinal pigmentary changes in chronic uveitis mimicking retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"255","author":"Sevgi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69740-7","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"368","author":"Hartong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1348527","article-title":"Uveitis in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa: 30 Years\u2019 Consecutive Data","volume":"26","author":"Menia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1429-3","article-title":"Usher syndrome associated with Fuchs\u2019 heterochromic uveitis","volume":"248","author":"Lichtinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"557","article-title":"Usher syndrome associated with Fuchs\u2019 heterochromic uveitis: A case report","volume":"5","author":"Sevim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-015-0534-7","article-title":"Bilateral uveitis and Usher syndrome: A case report","volume":"9","author":"Benson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.08.004","article-title":"Role of the retinal vascular endothelial cell in ocular disease","volume":"32","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"913","article-title":"Blood-retinal barrier breakdown in retinitis pigmentosa: Light and electron microscopic immunolocalization","volume":"10","author":"Vinores","year":"1995","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.03.008","article-title":"Heterogeneity and emergent behaviour in the vascular endothelium","volume":"45","author":"McCarron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.022","article-title":"Regional neural activation defines a gateway for autoreactive T cells to cross the blood-brain barrier","volume":"148","author":"Arima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08733","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08733","article-title":"A pain-mediated neural signal induces relapse in murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a multiple sclerosis model","volume":"4","author":"Arima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25517","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.25517","article-title":"Brain micro-inflammation at specific vessels dysregulates organ-homeostasis via the activation of a new neural circuit","volume":"6","author":"Arima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38895-y","article-title":"Photopic light-mediated down-regulation of local \u03b11A-adrenergic signaling protects blood-retina barrier in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis","volume":"9","author":"Stofkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v35.i5.20","article-title":"Role of Inflammation Amplifier-Induced Growth Factor Expression in the Development of Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"35","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.027","article-title":"Pleiotropy and Specificity: Insights from the Interleukin 6 Family of Cytokines","volume":"50","author":"Murakami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-019-0030-2","article-title":"Neural activity regulates autoimmune diseases through the gateway reflex","volume":"5","author":"Stofkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioelectron. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxz083","article-title":"Bidirectional communication between neural and immune systems","volume":"32","author":"Kamimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchida, M., Yamamoto, R., Matsuyama, S., Murakami, K., Hasebe, R., Hojyo, S., Tanaka, Y., and Murakami, M. (2021). Gateway reflexes, neuronal circuits that regulate the gateways for autoreactive T cells in organs that have blood barriers. Int. Immunol., dxab022. Advance online publication.","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxab022"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxab064","article-title":"The gateway reflex: Breaking through the blood barriers","volume":"33","author":"Murakami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.06.012","article-title":"A clinical grading system for retinal inflammation in the chronic model of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis using digital fundus images","volume":"87","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Eye. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.156914","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune uveitis and other animal models of uveitis: An update","volume":"63","author":"Bansal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"The Jackson Laboratory (2021, November 25). Available online: https:\/\/www.jax.org\/strain\/008811."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Chang, B., Hawes, N.L., Hurd, R.E., Wang, J., Davisson, M.T., Nusinowitz, S., and Heckenlively, J.R. (2007, January 6\u201310). A new mouse model of retinal degeneration (rd17). Proceedings of the ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0425-3","article-title":"Restoration of vision after de novo genesis of rod photoreceptors in mammalian retinas","volume":"560","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collin, G.B., Gogna, N., Chang, B., Damkham, N., Pinkney, J., Hyde, L.F., Stone, L., Naggert, J.K., Nishina, P.M., and Krebs, M.P. (2020). Mouse Models of Inherited Retinal Degeneration with Photoreceptor Cell Loss. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040931"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680600599438","article-title":"Visual electrophysiological features of two naturally occurring mouse models with retinal dysfunction","volume":"31","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.09.010","article-title":"A nonsense mutation in Gnat1, encoding the alpha subunit of rod transducin, in spontaneous mouse models of retinal dysfunction","volume":"90","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3109\/02713680903447900","article-title":"IRD1 and IRD2 mice, naturally occurring models of hereditary retinal dysfunction, show late-onset and progressive retinal degeneration","volume":"35","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306939","article-title":"A novel homozygous truncating GNAT1 mutation implicated in retinal degeneration","volume":"100","author":"Carrigan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9j\u00e9case, C., Laurent-Coriat, C., Mayer, C., Poch, O., Mohand-Sa\u00efd, S., Pr\u00e9vot, C., Antonio, A., Boyard, F., Condroyer, C., and Michiels, C. (2016). Identification of a Novel Homozygous Nonsense Mutation Confirms the Implication of GNAT1 in Rod-Cone Dystrophy. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168271"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.12.015","article-title":"The optomotor response: A robust first-line visual screening method for mice","volume":"45","author":"Abdeljalil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0959","article-title":"Grating acuity at different luminances in wild-type mice and in mice lacking rod or cone function","volume":"46","author":"Schmucker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.04.009","article-title":"Blockade of interleukin-6 signaling suppresses experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by the inhibition of inflammatory Th17 responses","volume":"91","author":"Hohki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04318.x","article-title":"Adiponectin levels, insulin resistance and their relationship with serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in patients with Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Karaman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e174","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13502","article-title":"C-Reactive protein and progression of vision loss in retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"96","author":"Murakami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306656","article-title":"From C-Reactive Protein to Interleukin-6 to Interleukin-1: Moving Upstream To Identify Novel Targets for Atheroprotection","volume":"118","author":"Ridker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5670","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa267","article-title":"Structural and functional insights into CWC27\/CWC22 heterodimer linking the exon junction complex to spliceosomes","volume":"48","author":"Busetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertrand, R.E., Wang, J., Li, Y., Cheng, X., Wang, K., Stoilov, P., and Chen, R. (2021). Cwc27, associated with retinal degeneration, functions as a splicing factor in vivo. Hum. Mol. Genet., ddab319. Advance online publication.","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddab319"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64062765.x","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptors potentiate arachidonate release via activation of cytosolic, arachidonate-specific phospholipase A2","volume":"64","author":"Vial","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3109\/10641969709080810","article-title":"Dopamine-1 receptor G-protein coupling and the involvement of phospholipase A2 in dopamine-1 receptor mediated cellular signaling mechanisms in the proximal tubules of SHR","volume":"19","author":"Hussain","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Brady, S.T., Siegel, G.J., Albers, R.W., and Price, D. (2012). Catecholamines. Basic Neurochemistry: Principles of Molecular, Cellular and Medical Neurobiology, Elsevier Academic Press. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3390\/genes4020101","article-title":"The Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKAPKs) in Inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Moens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4393","article-title":"p38{alpha} MAP kinase controls IL-17 synthesis in vogt-koyanagi-harada syndrome and experimental autoimmune uveitis","volume":"51","author":"Commodaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12405","article-title":"Engagement of Toll-like receptor 2 enhances interleukin (IL)-17(+) autoreactive T cell responses via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in dendritic cells","volume":"178","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15726","DOI":"10.1021\/bi981634+","article-title":"SH3 binding domains in the dopamine D4 receptor","volume":"37","author":"Oldenhof","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.60.1.92","article-title":"Dopamine D(4) and D(2L) Receptor Stimulation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Is Dependent on trans-Activation of the Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor","volume":"60","author":"Oak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"857","article-title":"D(4) dopamine receptor differentially regulates Akt\/nuclear factor-kappa b and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in D(4)MN9D cells","volume":"60","author":"Zhen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7525","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.11.7525","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Stimulation of dopamine D4 receptors induce T cell quiescence by up-regulating Kruppel-like factor-2 expression through inhibition of ERK1\/ERK2 phosphorylation","volume":"177","author":"Sarkar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16738","article-title":"DRD4 (Dopamine D4 Receptor) Mitigate Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm via Decreasing P38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)\/NOX4 (NADPH Oxidase 4) Axis-Associated Oxidative Stress","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36059","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R100030200","article-title":"Epoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism","volume":"276","author":"Zeldin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2018.03.004","article-title":"Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation","volume":"132","author":"Innes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2006.07.001","article-title":"Inflammatory signal transduction from the Fc epsilon RI to NF-kappa B","volume":"211","author":"Klemm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01481-6","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates prostacyclin production and activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in endothelial cells via p42\/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase","volume":"420","author":"Cospedal","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5177","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0471-20.2020","article-title":"Mouse Retinal Cell Atlas: Molecular Identification of over Sixty Amacrine Cell Types","volume":"40","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5635","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16035635","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying \u03b2-adrenergic receptor-mediated cross-talk between sympathetic neurons and immune cells","volume":"16","author":"Lorton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.08.004","article-title":"Localization and regulation of dopamine receptor D4 expression in the adult and developing rat retina","volume":"87","author":"Klitten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"137","article-title":"Cross interaction of dopaminergic and adrenergic systems in neural modulation","volume":"6","author":"Lei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01313","article-title":"Bidirectional Role of \u03b22-Adrenergic Receptor in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000466","article-title":"Cytokines in uveitis","volume":"29","author":"Weinstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80066-0","article-title":"Phosphorylation of NF-kappa B p65 by PKA stimulates transcriptional activity by promoting a novel bivalent interaction with the coactivator CBP\/p300","volume":"1","author":"Zhong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02932-7","article-title":"Phosphorylation of serine 276 is essential for p65 NF-kappaB subunit-dependent cellular responses","volume":"300","author":"Okazaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e318068dd49","article-title":"Can the protective actions of JAK-STAT in the heart be exploited therapeutically? Parsing the regulation of interleukin-6-type cytokine signaling","volume":"50","author":"Kurdi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13913","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250478897","article-title":"Phototransduction in transgenic mice after targeted deletion of the rod transducin alpha -subunit","volume":"97","author":"Calvert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212677110","article-title":"Repair of the degenerate retina by photoreceptor transplantation","volume":"110","author":"Barber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06631.x","article-title":"Light regulation of retinal dopamine that is independent of melanopsin phototransduction","volume":"29","author":"Cameron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39866","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.39866","article-title":"Light-dependent pathways for dopaminergic amacrine cell development and function","volume":"7","author":"Munteanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6272","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14648","article-title":"Visually-driven ocular growth in mice requires functional rod photoreceptors","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.01.042","article-title":"Rod Photoreceptor Activation Alone Defines the Release of Dopamine in the Retina","volume":"29","author":"Milosavljevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577935","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.577935","article-title":"Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein (IRBP) in Retinal Health and Disease","volume":"14","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-008-0108-5","article-title":"New perspectives on effector mechanisms in uveitis","volume":"30","author":"Luger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623725","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.623725","article-title":"Uveitis: Molecular Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapies","volume":"12","author":"Egwuagu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1967.00980020407021","article-title":"Central retinal artery innervation. Absence of adrenergic innervation to the intraocular branches","volume":"77","author":"Laties","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2119\/2007-00105.Flierl","article-title":"Catecholamines-crafty weapons in the inflammatory arsenal of immune\/inflammatory cells or opening pandora\u2019s box?","volume":"14","author":"Flierl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-014-0504-2","article-title":"The sympathetic nervous response in inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Pongratz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.04.086","article-title":"Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells regulate cone photoreceptor lamination in the mouse retina","volume":"23","author":"Tufford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00129-6","article-title":"Neurobiology of retinal dopamine in relation to degenerative states of the tissue","volume":"37","author":"Djamgoz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0489","article-title":"Dopamine has a critical role in photoreceptor degeneration in the rd mouse","volume":"10","author":"Ogilvie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"2868","article-title":"Dopamine receptor loss of function is not protective of rd1 rod photoreceptors in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Ogilvie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.W., Huang, Y.P., Wu, P.C., Chiang, W.Y., Wang, P.H., and Chen, B.Y. (2021). The functional vision protection effect of danshensu via dopamine D1 receptors: In vivo study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030978"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-06-02063.2002","article-title":"Dysfunctional light-evoked regulation of cAMP in photoreceptors and abnormal retinal adaptation in mice lacking dopamine D4 receptors","volume":"22","author":"Nir","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07734.x","article-title":"Dopamine D\u2084 receptor activation controls circadian timing of the adenylyl cyclase 1\/cyclic AMP signaling system in mouse retina","volume":"34","author":"Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-018-0632-3","article-title":"Dopamine: Functions, Signaling, and Association with Neurological Diseases","volume":"39","author":"Klein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3483-13.2014","article-title":"Dopamine deficiency contributes to early visual dysfunction in a rodent model of type 1 diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Aung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22692","article-title":"Dopamine Deficiency Mediates Early Rod-Driven Inner Retinal Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0869","article-title":"Novel Detection and Restorative Levodopa Treatment for Preclinical Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"69","author":"Motz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.10.015","article-title":"Mining Retrospective Data for Virtual Prospective Drug Repurposing: L-DOPA and Age-related Macular Degeneration","volume":"129","author":"Brilliant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2005.02.008","article-title":"Effects of anti-glaucoma drugs timolol and GLC756, a novel mixed dopamine D2 receptor agonist and D1 receptor antagonist, on endotoxin-induced-uveitis and -arthritis in rats","volume":"57","author":"Laengle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109419","article-title":"Dopamine delays articular cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis by negative regulation of the NF-\u03baB and JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathways","volume":"119","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88488","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19691","article-title":"Anti-cancer effects of dopamine in human glioma: Involvement of mitochondrial apoptotic and anti-inflammatory pathways","volume":"8","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24346","article-title":"Dopamine impairs functional integrity of rat hepatocytes through nuclear factor kappa B activity modulation: An in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro study","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niewiarowska-Sendo, A., Kozik, A., and Guevara-Lora, I. (2018). Influence of bradykinin B2 receptor and dopamine D2 receptor on the oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptotic process in human endothelial cells. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206443"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.08.080","article-title":"Dopamine D4 receptor protected against hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction via PI3K \/eNOS pathway","volume":"518","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1554","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00272.2004","article-title":"Dopamine in vivo inhibits VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2, MAPK, and focal adhesion kinase in endothelial cells","volume":"287","author":"Sarkar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/87895","article-title":"The neurotransmitter dopamine inhibits angiogenesis induced by vascular permeability factor\/vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"7","author":"Basu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.11.001","article-title":"Usher protein functions in hair cells and photoreceptors","volume":"46","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.028225","article-title":"Diabetic polyneuropathy, sensory neurons, nuclear structure and spliceosome alterations: A role for CWC22","volume":"10","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.1208\/ps040102","article-title":"Ocular tolerance of absorption enhancers in ophthalmic preparations","volume":"4","author":"Furrer","year":"2002","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSci."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Ewels, P., Hammar\u00e9n, R., Peltzer, A., Moreno, D., Garcia, M., Panneerselvam, S., Sven, F., Alneberg, J., Di Tommaso, P., and Jemt, A. (2021, November 25). nf-core\/rnaseq: Nf-core\/rnaseq Version 1.4.2. Zenodo. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3503887."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Krueger, F. (2021, November 25). Trim Galore; Babraham Bioinformatics. Available online: http:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/trim_galore\/."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D745","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1113","article-title":"Ensembl 2019","volume":"47","author":"Cunningham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3317","article-title":"HISAT: A fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656","article-title":"featureCounts: An efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features","volume":"30","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R14","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2010-11-2-r14","article-title":"Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: Accounting for selection bias","volume":"11","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"(2021, November 25). MGI Gene Ontology Term Finder. Available online: http:\/\/www.informatics.jax.org\/gotools\/MGI_Term_Finder.html."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.66.123","article-title":"Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants","volume":"66","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Histol. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1028-2_15","article-title":"Preparation of thin frozen sections from nonfixed and undecalcified hard tissues using Kawamoto\u2019s film method (2020)","volume":"2230","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/1\/453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:56:56Z","timestamp":1760169416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/1\/453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23010453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23010453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]}}}