{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T04:59:08Z","timestamp":1779080348632,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/21\/B\/NZ1\/00293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/21\/B\/NZ1\/00293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/35\/B\/NZ3\/02817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/35\/B\/NZ3\/02817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysregulation of autophagy may contribute to the progression of various muscle diseases, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, encoded by Hmox1), a heme-degrading enzyme, may alleviate symptoms of DMD, inter alia, through anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we determined the role of HO-1 in the regulation of autophagy and mitophagy in mdx animals, a commonly used mouse model of the disease. In the gastrocnemius of 6-week-old DMD mice, the mRNA level of mitophagy markers: Bnip3 and Pink1, as well as autophagy regulators, e.g., Becn1, Map1lc3b, Sqstm1, and Atg7, was decreased. In the dystrophic diaphragm, changes in the latter were less prominent. In older, 12-week-old dystrophic mice, diminished expressions of Pink1 and Sqstm1 with upregulation of Atg5, Atg7, and Lamp1 was depicted. Interestingly, we demonstrated higher protein levels of autophagy regulator, LC3, in dystrophic muscles. Although the lack of Hmox1 in mdx mice influenced blood cell count and the abundance of profibrotic proteins, no striking differences in mRNA and protein levels of autophagy and mitophagy markers were found. In conclusion, we demonstrated complex, tissue, and age-dependent dysregulation of mitophagic and autophagic markers in DMD mice, which are not affected by the additional lack of Hmox1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T01:15:26Z","timestamp":1641518126000},"page":"470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Dysregulated Autophagy and Mitophagy in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Remain Unchanged Following Heme Oxygenase-1 Knockout"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Mucha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kazir\u00f3d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Podkalicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Rusin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5687-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f3zef","family":"Dulak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3523-3560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"\u0141oboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.10.008","article-title":"Autophagy Is Required to Maintain Muscle Mass","volume":"10","author":"Masiero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2013.09.004","article-title":"Skeletal muscle autophagy: A new metabolic regulator","volume":"24","author":"Neel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. 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