{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:35:08Z","timestamp":1778664908504,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science &amp;Technology Development","award":["PJ01092801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01092801"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abnormalities in animals cloned via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have been reported. In this study, to produce bomb-sniffing dogs, we successfully cloned four healthy dogs through SCNT using the same donor genome from the skin of a male German shepherd old dog. Veterinary diagnosis (X-ray\/3D-CT imaging) revealed that two cloned dogs showed normal phenotypes, whereas the others showed abnormal shortening of the mandible (brachygnathia inferior) at 1 month after birth, even though they were cloned under the same conditions except for the oocyte source. Therefore, we aimed to determine the genetic cause of brachygnathia inferior in these cloned dogs. To determine the genetic defects related to brachygnathia inferior, we performed karyotyping and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for identifying small genetic alterations in the genome, such as single-nucleotide variations or frameshifts. There were no chromosomal numerical abnormalities in all cloned dogs. However, WGS analysis revealed variants of Wnt signaling pathway initiators (WNT5B, DVL2, DACT1, ARRB2, FZD 4\/8) and cadherin (CDH11, CDH1like) in cloned dogs with brachygnathia inferior. In conclusion, this study proposes that brachygnathia inferior in cloned dogs may be associated with variants in initiators and\/or regulators of the Wnt\/cadherin signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T01:15:26Z","timestamp":1641518126000},"page":"475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Brachygnathia Inferior in Cloned Dogs Is Possibly Correlated with Variants of Wnt Signaling Pathway Initiators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-ho","family":"Choe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tai-Young","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Isero-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1055-8097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Lim","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seunghoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Isero-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3966-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dajeong","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, NIAS, RDA, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Isero-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bong-Hwan","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, NIAS, RDA, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Isero-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haeyun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Isero-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Gu","family":"No","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Isero-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sun A","family":"Ock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Isero-myeon, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/436641a","article-title":"Developmemtal technology: Dogs cloned from adult somatic cells","volume":"436","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod64.3.849","article-title":"Generation of dwarf goat (Capra hircus) clones following nuclear transfer with transfected and nontransfected fetal fibroblasts and in vitro-matured oocytes","volume":"64","author":"Keefer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. 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