{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T12:46:21Z","timestamp":1780490781870,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea","award":["G22202000732101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G22202000732101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is one of the inhibitory neurotransmitters. Several studies have suggested that GABA supplements can reduce blood pressure and modulate the renal immune system in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the effect of GABA-enriched salt as an alternative to traditional salt on aggravated renal injury by high salt intake in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity mice. High salt intake accelerated the increase of biomarkers, such as blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels for renal injury in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity mice. However, oral administration of GABA-contained salt notably suppressed serum BUN and creatinine levels. The efficacy of GABA salt was superior to lacto GABA salt and postbiotics GABA salt. Furthermore, GABA-enriched salt markedly restored histological symptoms of nephrotoxicity including renal hypertrophy, tubular dilation, hemorrhage, and collagen deposition aggravated by salt over-loading in cisplatin-exposed mice. Among them, GABA salt showed a higher protective effect against cisplatin-induced renal histological changes than lacto GABA salt and postbiotics GABA salt. In addition, administration of high salt significantly enhanced expression levels of apoptosis and inflammatory mediators in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity mice, while GABA-enriched salt greatly down-regulated the expression of these mediators. Taken together, these results demonstrate the protective effect of GABA against damage caused by high salt intake in cisplatin-induced renal toxicity. Its mechanism may be due to the suppression of hematological and biochemical toxicity, apoptosis, and inflammation. In conclusion, although the protective efficacy of GABA salt on renal injury is different depending on the sterilization and filtration process after fermentation with L. brevis BJ20 and L. plantarum BJ21, our findings suggest that GABA-enriched salt has a beneficial effect against immoderate high salt intake-mediated kidney injury in patients with cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T01:15:26Z","timestamp":1641518126000},"page":"502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Protective Effect of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid against Aggravation of Renal Injury Caused by High Salt Intake in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3546-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyesook","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8564-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seon Yeong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2180-1205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun","family":"Hwangbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9083-8218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Yeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da Hye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beom Su","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6517-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joung-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Fisheries & Biology Center, Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Busan 46048, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bae-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Fisheries & Biology Center, Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Busan 46048, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6878-0790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gi-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3299-7266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Jin","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1454-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung Hyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04199-4","article-title":"Urinary sodium excretion and cardiovascular mortality in Finland: A prospective study","volume":"357","author":"Tuomilehto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borrelli, S., Provenzano, M., Gagliardi, I., Michael, A., Liberti, M.E., De Nicola, L., Conte, G., Garofalo, C., and Andreucci, M. 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