{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T05:47:05Z","timestamp":1794030425247,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dementia is a neurodegenerative condition that is considered a major factor contributing to cognitive decline that reduces independent function. Pathophysiological pathways are not well defined for neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia; however, published evidence has shown the role of numerous inflammatory processes in the brain contributing toward their pathology. Microglia of the central nervous system (CNS) are the principal components of the brain\u2019s immune defence system and can detect harmful or external pathogens. When stimulated, the cells trigger neuroinflammatory responses by releasing proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitrogen species in order to preserve the cell\u2019s microenvironment. These proinflammatory markers include cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF\u03b1 chemokines such as CCR3 and CCL2 and CCR5. Microglial cells may produce a prolonged inflammatory response that, in some circumstances, is indicated in the promotion of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review is focused on the involvement of microglial cell activation throughout neurodegenerative conditions and the link between neuroinflammatory processes and dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T01:15:26Z","timestamp":1641518126000},"page":"616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Neuroinflammation: A Potential Risk for Dementia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6882-5581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Afroz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226021, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozaifa","family":"Kareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Khushtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226021, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5117-9413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Rafiul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Al-Karim University, Katihar 854106, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4694-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashif","family":"Iqubal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Faheem","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226021, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2577-7505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faheem Hyder","family":"Pottoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima S.","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahia B.","family":"Al-Haidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7205-7493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noora","family":"Alhajri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City (SSMC), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2019). 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