{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:11:08Z","timestamp":1788300668334,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) plays a pivotal role in retinal homeostasis. It is therefore an interesting target to fill the unmet medical need of different retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease. RPE replacement therapy may use different cellular sources: induced pluripotent stem cells or embryonic stem cells. Cells can be transferred as suspension on a patch with different surgical approaches. Results are promising although based on very limited samples. In this review, we summarize the current progress of RPE replacement and provide a comparative assessment of different published approaches which may become standard of care in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T20:29:26Z","timestamp":1641760166000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Where Are We with RPE Replacement Therapy? A Translational Review from the Ophthalmologist Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8472-7984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Raimondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano\u2013Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele\u2013Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5892-7533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Zollet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano\u2013Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele\u2013Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1631-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Paolo","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele\u2013Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0438-422X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Tsoutsanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele\u2013Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5636-4204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Stravalaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano\u2013Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele\u2013Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Paulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano\u2013Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), UOS of Milan, National Research Council of Italy, 20138 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8110-0027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Inforzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano\u2013Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele\u2013Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario R.","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele\u2013Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Eye Center, Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, 24128 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(00)96006-6","article-title":"Renewal of photoreceptor outer segments and their phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"196","author":"Hicks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. 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