{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T19:29:50Z","timestamp":1792956590644,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the literature, burns are understood as traumatic events accompanied by increased morbidity and mortality among affected patients. Their characteristic feature is the formation of swelling and redness at the site of the burn, which indicates the development of inflammation. This reaction is not only important in the healing process of wounds but is also responsible for stimulating the patient\u2019s innate immune system. As a result of the loss of the protective ability of the epidermis, microbes which include bacteria, fungi, and viruses have easier access to the system, which can result in infections. However, the patient is still able to overcome the infections that occur through a cascade of cytokines and growth factors stimulated by inflammation. Long-term inflammation also has negative consequences for the body, which may result in multi-organ failure or lead to fibrosis and scarring of the skin. The innate immune response to burns is not only immediate, but also severe and prolonged, and some people with burn shock may also experience immunosuppression accompanied by an increased susceptibility to fatal infections. This immunosuppression includes apoptosis-induced lymphopenia, decreased interleukin 2 (IL-2) secretion, neutrophil storm, impaired phagocytosis, and decreased monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR. This is why it is important to understand how the immune system works in people with burns and during infections of wounds by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular pathways of cell signaling of the immune system of people affected by burns, taking into account the role of microbial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T17:42:25Z","timestamp":1641836545000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Innate Immune System Response to Burn Damage\u2014Focus on Cytokine Alteration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3567-7786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Sierawska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of the University of Szczecin, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2430-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Ma\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of the University of Szczecin, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cansel","family":"Taskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0688-6928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Hrynkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9530-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Mertowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Korzeniowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"East Center of Burns Treatment and Reconstructive Surgery, ul. Krasnystawska 52, 21-010 \u0141\u0119czna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5602-3744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"East Center of Burns Treatment and Reconstructive Surgery, ul. Krasnystawska 52, 21-010 \u0141\u0119czna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3360-716X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Surowiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Center of Burns Treatment and Reconstructive Surgery, ul. Krasnystawska 52, 21-010 \u0141\u0119czna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Nied\u017awiedzka-Rystwej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Stru\u017cyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Center of Burns Treatment and Reconstructive Surgery, ul. Krasnystawska 52, 21-010 \u0141\u0119czna, Poland"},{"name":"Chair and Department of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Treatment, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Schaefer, T.J., and Tannan, S.C. (2021, November 04). 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