{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:18:00Z","timestamp":1790727480954,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a human incretin hormone derived from the proglucagon molecule. GLP-1 receptor agonists are frequently used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the hormone affects the liver, pancreas, brain, fat cells, heart, and gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review on the use of GLP-1 other than in treating diabetes. PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase were searched, and the PRISMA guidelines were followed. Nineteen clinical studies were selected. The results showed that GLP-1 agonists can benefit defined off-medication motor scores in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and improve emotional well-being. In Alzheimer\u2019s disease, GLP-1 analogs can improve the brain\u2019s glucose metabolism by improving glucose transport across the blood\u2013brain barrier. In depression, the analogs can improve quality of life and depression scales. GLP-1 analogs can also have a role in treating chemical dependency, inhibiting dopaminergic release in the brain\u2019s reward centers, decreasing withdrawal effects and relapses. These medications can also improve lipotoxicity by reducing visceral adiposity and decreasing liver fat deposition, reducing insulin resistance and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. The adverse effects are primarily gastrointestinal. Therefore, GLP-1 analogs can benefit other conditions besides traditional diabetes and obesity uses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T17:42:25Z","timestamp":1641836545000},"page":"739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["GLP-1a: Going beyond Traditional Use"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-0982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Fornari","family":"Laurindo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia, Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Maria","family":"Barbalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia, Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marilia (FATEC), Mar\u00edlia 17500-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9930-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elen Landgraf","family":"Guiguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia, Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marilia (FATEC), Mar\u00edlia 17500-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maricelma","family":"da Silva Soares de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia, Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Achete","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia, Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago Marques","family":"Fidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, R. Sena Madureira 04021-001, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5716-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano Cressoni","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia, Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heron F.","family":"de Souza Gonzaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia, Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Mar\u00edlia, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"de Bortoli Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Animal Health, Production and Environment, University of Marilia, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais","family":"de Oliveira Silva Ullmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia, Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8776-561X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia Portero","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Institute for Kidney and Endocrine Disorders, Lufkin, TX 75904, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance Alan","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Institute for Kidney and Endocrine Disorders, Lufkin, TX 75904, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.04.010","article-title":"GLP-1: Molecular mechanisms and outcomes of a complex signaling system","volume":"128","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. 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