{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:47:46Z","timestamp":1787028466619,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a severe and often fatal infection in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and ascites. The only cure for SBP is antibiotic therapy, but the emerging problem of bacterial resistance requires novel therapeutic strategies. Human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hA-MSCs) possess immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties that can be harnessed as a therapy in such a context. Methods: An in vitro applications of hA-MSCs in ascitic fluid (AF) of cirrhotic patients, subsequently infected with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, was performed. We evaluated the effects of hA-MSCs on bacterial load, innate immunity factors, and macrophage phenotypic expression. Results: hA-MSCs added to AF significantly reduce the proliferation of both bacterial strains at 24 h and diversely affect M1 and M2 polarization, C3a complement protein, and ficolin 3 concentrations during the course of infection, in a bacterial strain-dependent fashion. Conclusion: This study shows the potential usefulness of hA-MSC in treating ascites infected with carbapenem-resistant bacteria and lays the foundation to further investigate antibacterial and anti-inflammatory roles of hA-MSC in in vivo models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T10:57:37Z","timestamp":1642071457000},"page":"857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Human Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A New Potential Treatment for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales in Decompensated Cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6076-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariangela","family":"Pampalone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ri.MED Foundation, 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giampiero","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ri.MED Foundation, 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9684-8035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Gruttadauria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for the Treatment and Study of Abdominal Disease and Abdominal Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, UPMC, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6957-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giandomenico","family":"Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ri.MED Foundation, 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7710-4735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gioacchin","family":"Iannolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9980-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Douradinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ri.MED Foundation, 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8612-5581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Mularoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS-ISMETT, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1994-8005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Giulio","family":"Conaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Pietrosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for the Treatment and Study of Abdominal Disease and Abdominal Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, UPMC, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00006-4","article-title":"Bacterial translocation: Cause or consequence of decompensation in cirrhosis?","volume":"34","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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