{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T15:41:14Z","timestamp":1775662874913,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>S\u00e9zary syndrome is an aggressive leukemic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, characterized by erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, and peripheral blood involvement by CD4+ malignant T-cells. The pathogenesis of S\u00e9zary syndrome is not fully understood. However, the course of the disease is strongly influenced by the tumor microenvironment, which is altered by a combination of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. The crosstalk between malignant and reactive cells affects the immunologic response against tumor cells causing immune dysregulation. This review focuses on the interaction of malignant S\u00e9zary cells and the tumor microenvironment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:44:00Z","timestamp":1642365840000},"page":"936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Role of Tumor Microenvironment in the Pathogenesis of S\u00e9zary Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1959-4908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Miyashiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Dermatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto do C\u00e2ncer do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno de Castro e","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Dermatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8822-353X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Passos","family":"Torrealba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of S\u00e3o Paulo, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly Cristina Gomes","family":"Manfrere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of S\u00e3o Paulo, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7911-1824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Notomi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of S\u00e3o Paulo, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5709-092X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Dermatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto do C\u00e2ncer do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"254","article-title":"\u00c9rythrodermie avec pr\u00e9sence de cellules monstrueuses dans le derme et le sang circulant","volume":"45","author":"Bouvrain","year":"1938","journal-title":"Bull. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fr. Dermatol. Syphiligr. Paris"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.04.043","article-title":"S\u00e9zary syndrome: A study of 176 patients at Mayo Clinic","volume":"67","author":"Kubica","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9774","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66040-7","article-title":"Erythroderma: A prospective study of 309 patients followed for 12 years in a tertiary center","volume":"10","author":"Miyashiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18089","article-title":"Characteristics associated with significantly worse quality of life in mycosis fungoides\/S\u00e9zary syndrome from the Prospective Cutaneous Lymphoma International Prognostic Index ( PROCLIPI ) study","volume":"182","author":"Molloy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00501-7","article-title":"Non-Classic Signs of S\u00e9zary Syndrome: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3768","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-09-3502","article-title":"WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas","volume":"105","author":"Willemze","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-03-055749","article-title":"Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome: A proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)","volume":"110","author":"Olsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1175799","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1175799","article-title":"Investigating potential exogenous tumor initiating and promoting factors for Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (CTCL), a rare skin malignancy","volume":"5","author":"Litvinov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1207","article-title":"Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas\u2014Pathogenesis, diagnostic workup, and therapy","volume":"14","author":"Nicolay","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-11-251926","article-title":"S\u00e9zary syndrome and mycosis fungoides arise from distinct T-cell subsets: A biologic rationale for their distinct clinical behaviors","volume":"116","author":"Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3766","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.61.7142","article-title":"Cutaneous Lymphoma International Consortium Study of Outcome in Advanced Stages of Mycosis Fungoides and S\u00e9zary Syndrome: Effect of Specific Prognostic Markers on Survival and Development of a Prognostic Model","volume":"33","author":"Scarisbrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.02.027","article-title":"European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer consensus recommendations for the treatment of mycosis fungoides\/S\u00e9zary syndrome\u2014Update 2017","volume":"77","author":"Trautinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00765","article-title":"Update on Biology of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Phyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pileri, A., Guglielmo, A., Grandi, V., Violetti, S.A., Fanoni, D., Fava, P., Agostinelli, C., Berti, E., Quaglino, P., and Pimpinelli, N. (2021). The Microenvironment\u2019s Role in Mycosis Fungoides and S\u00e9zary Syndrome: From Progression to Therapeutic Implications. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102780"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0594-9","article-title":"Malignant inflammation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-a hostile takeover","volume":"39","author":"Krejsgaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000161","article-title":"Recent advances in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"27","author":"DeSimone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12305","article-title":"Immunological milieu in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Miyagaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.07.026","article-title":"Phenotypical Markers, Molecular Mutations, and Immune Microenvironment as Targets for New Treatments in Patients with Mycosis Fungoides and\/or S\u00e9zary Syndrome","volume":"141","author":"Quaglino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23334","article-title":"Chronic activation profile of circulating CD8+ T cells in S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Torrealba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12388985","article-title":"Mycosis Fungoides Exhibits a Th1-Type Cell-Mediated Cytokine Profile Whereas Sezary Syndrome Express a Th2-Type Profile","volume":"103","author":"Saed","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.200","article-title":"Increased programmed death-1 expression on CD4+ T cells in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: Implications for immune suppression","volume":"146","author":"Samimi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-3488","article-title":"TH2 cytokines from malignant cells suppress TH1 responses and enforce a global TH2 bias in leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"19","author":"Guenova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.12.027","article-title":"The immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of cutaneous T cell lymphoma: Pathways and targets for immune restoration and tumor eradication","volume":"84","author":"Durgin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-02-699843","article-title":"Candidate driver genes involved in genome maintenance and DNA repair in S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"127","author":"Woollard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-11-611194","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing reveals oncogenic mutations in mycosis fungoides","volume":"126","author":"McGirt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-08-662353","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) stimulates STAT3 activation and IL-17 expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"127","author":"Krejsgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.24987","article-title":"STAT5-mediated expression of oncogenic miR-155 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"12","author":"Kopp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.4161\/15384101.2014.947759","article-title":"Analysis of STAT4 expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) patients and patient-derived cell lines","volume":"13","author":"Litvinov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2476","article-title":"GATA3 and the T-cell lineage: Essential functions before and after T-helper-2-cell differentiation","volume":"9","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00851","article-title":"Cellular Interactions and Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"8","author":"Stolearenco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4322","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.23.4322","article-title":"CD8+ T Cells in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Expression of Cytotoxic Proteins, Fas Ligand, and Killing Inhibitory Receptors and Their Relationship With Clinical Behavior","volume":"19","author":"Vermeer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2019.101302","article-title":"Tim-3: A co-receptor with diverse roles in T cell exhaustion and tolerance","volume":"42","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-2684","article-title":"CD39 Expression Defines Cell Exhaustion in Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells","volume":"78","author":"Canale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3919","article-title":"IL-15 functions as a danger signal to regulate tissue-resident T cells and tissue destruction","volume":"15","author":"Jabri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01436.x","article-title":"Constitutive and Interleukin-7- and Interleukin-15-Stimulated DNA Binding of STAT and Novel Factors in Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma Cells","volume":"117","author":"Qin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000842","article-title":"STAT5 Is Critical To Maintain Effector CD8+T Cell Responses","volume":"185","author":"Tripathi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5729","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100102","article-title":"Bcl-2 Allows Effector and Memory CD8+ T Cells To Tolerate Higher Expression of Bim","volume":"186","author":"Kurtulus","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018021063","article-title":"STAT5 is essential for IL-7\u2013mediated viability, growth, and proliferation of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells","volume":"2","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-06-2181","article-title":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: Malignant proliferation of T-regulatory cells","volume":"105","author":"Berger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00438","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells: Serious Contenders in the Promise for Immunological Tolerance in Transplantation","volume":"6","author":"Safinia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2343","article-title":"How regulatory T cells work","volume":"8","author":"Vignali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2011.237","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and immunodeficiency in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Krejsgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.175","article-title":"FOXP3+CD25- tumor cells with regulatory function in Sezary syndrome","volume":"129","author":"Heid","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.05.114","article-title":"Global Patterns of Methylation in S\u00e9zary Syndrome Provide Insight into the Role of Epigenetics in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"136","author":"Whittaker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.03.042","article-title":"Epigenomic Analysis of Sezary Syndrome Defines Patterns of Aberrant DNA Methylation and Identifies Diagnostic Markers","volume":"136","author":"Slieker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700371","article-title":"Lack of Suppressive CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T Cells in Advanced Stages of Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"126","author":"Tiemessen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2008.224","article-title":"Malignant Tregs express low molecular splice forms of FOXP3 in S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Krejsgaard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-01-551184","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxins stimulate lymphoma-associated immune dysregulation","volume":"124","author":"Krejsgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-020-0324-3","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins induce FOXP3 in neoplastic T cells in S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Buus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738797","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1738797","article-title":"Blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in S\u00e9zary syndrome reduces Th2 phenotype of non-tumoral T lymphocytes but may enhance tumor proliferation","volume":"9","author":"Saulite","year":"2020","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-017-2090-z","article-title":"Therapeutic reduction of cell-mediated immunosuppression in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Geskin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611795","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.611795","article-title":"Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cells","volume":"12","author":"Mansilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2018.3319","article-title":"Decreased IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides","volume":"28","author":"Akatsuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215471","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/215471","article-title":"The Roles of Regulatory B Cells in Cancer","volume":"2014","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)02060-9","article-title":"The biology of human natural killer-cell subsets","volume":"22","author":"Cooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"37","article-title":"Role of Chemokines in the Biology of Natural Killer Cells","volume":"341","author":"Maghazachi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01112","article-title":"Tumour-derived soluble MIC ligands impair expression of NKG2D and T-cell activation","volume":"419","author":"Groh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92183","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21006","article-title":"Profile of differentially expressed Toll-like receptor signaling genes in the natural killer cells of patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Manfrere","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26529","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.26529","article-title":"NK-cell fratricide: Dynamic crosstalk between NK and cancer cells","volume":"2","author":"Nakamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23914.x","article-title":"Circulating Natural Killer Lymphocytes Are Potential Cytotoxic Effectors Against Autologous Malignant Cells in Sezary Syndrome Patients","volume":"125","author":"Bouaziz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl205","article-title":"TGF-beta and metalloproteinases differentially suppress NKG2D ligand surface expression on malignant glioma cells","volume":"129","author":"Eisele","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-016-1803-z","article-title":"CD57 in human natural killer cells and T-lymphocytes","volume":"65","author":"Kared","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02924","article-title":"Trained Immunity for Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy: Current Knowledge and Future Opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Lerias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00198","article-title":"New Therapies and Immunological Findings in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"8","author":"Fujii","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2003.05674.x","article-title":"Interaction of cutaneous lymphoma cells with reactive T cells and dendritic cells: Implications for dendritic cell-based immunotherapy","volume":"149","author":"Thumann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04994.x","article-title":"Dendritic cells and apoptosis in mycosis fungoides","volume":"147","author":"Luftl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.082","article-title":"High numbers of DC-SIGN+ dendritic cells in lesional skin of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"62","author":"Schlapbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"105","article-title":"Interferon gamma stimulates cellular maturation of dendritic cell line DC2.4 leading to induction of efficient cytotoxic T cell responses and antitumor immunity","volume":"4","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2014.2437","article-title":"Increase of DC-LAMP+ mature dendritic cell subsets in dermatopathic lymphadenitis of mycosis fungoides","volume":"24","author":"Tada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-03-1190","article-title":"Enhancement of the host immune responses in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and IL-15","volume":"104","author":"Wysocka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-01-0231","article-title":"Sezary syndrome patients demonstrate a defect in dendritic cell populations: Effects of CD40 ligand and treatment with GM-CSF on dendritic cell numbers and the production of cytokines","volume":"100","author":"Wysocka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3865","article-title":"The multifaceted biology of plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"15","author":"Swiecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08678.x","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells\u2014their role in haemato-oncological malignancies and other cancers and possible implications for therapy","volume":"153","author":"Tadmor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papafragkos, I., Markaki, E., Kalpadakis, C., and Verginis, P. (2021). Decoding the Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Lymphoid Malignancies. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163462"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02499","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species as Regulators of MDSC-Mediated Immune Suppression","volume":"9","author":"Ohl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-031856","article-title":"L-arginine availability regulates T-lymphocyte cell-cycle progression","volume":"109","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.2.689","article-title":"Myeloid Suppressor Lines Inhibit T Cell Responses by an NO-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"168","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0644-y","article-title":"Targeting the IDO1 pathway in cancer: From bench to bedside","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17375","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.17375","article-title":"Tumor-induced MDSC act via remote control to inhibit L-selectin-dependent adaptive immunity in lymph nodes","volume":"5","author":"Ku","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1181237","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1181237","article-title":"IL-32 induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase+CD1c+ dendritic cells and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase+CD163+ macrophages: Relevance to mycosis fungoides progression","volume":"6","author":"Ohmatsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Guindy, D.M., Elgarhy, L.H., Elkholy, R.A., Ali, D.A., and Helal, D.S. (2021). Potential role of tumor-associated macrophages and CD163\/CD68 ratio in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome in correlation with serum sCD163 and CCL22. J. Cutan. Pathol.","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14155"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130240","article-title":"Identification of human CCR8 as a CCL18 receptor","volume":"210","author":"Islam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.05.040","article-title":"Up-Regulation of the Chemokine CCL18 by Macrophages Is a Potential Immunomodulatory Pathway in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"179","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.07.007","article-title":"Association of the numbers of CD163+ cells in lesional skin and serum levels of soluble CD163 with disease progression of cutaneous T cell lymphoma","volume":"68","author":"Sugaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.206","article-title":"Depletion of M2-Like Tumor-Associated Macrophages Delays Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Development In Vivo","volume":"134","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018030577","article-title":"Targeting CD47 in Sezary syndrome with SIRPalphaFc","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2018.04.005","article-title":"Blocking \u201cdon\u2019t eat me\u201d signal of CD47-SIRPalpha in hematological malignancies, an in-depth review","volume":"32","author":"Russ","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2011.1544","article-title":"Functional and phenotypical alterations of polymorphonuclear cells in S\u00e9zary syndrome patients","volume":"21","author":"Fierro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01749","article-title":"The Emerging Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Tumor Progression and Metastasis","volume":"11","author":"Masucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8243","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1434","article-title":"Activation of Neutrophils in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"11","author":"Goddard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20373","article-title":"Expression and activity of IL-17 in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (mycosis fungoides and sezary syndrome)","volume":"112","author":"Michel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190290021498","article-title":"Spontaneous IL-8 production by CD4(+), CD7(+) leukemia cells in erythrodermic S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Ogawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidal, S., Puig, L., Carrascosa-Carrillo, J.-M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Cantero, \u00c1., Ruiz-Carrascosa, J.-C., and Velasco-Pastor, A.-M. (2021). From Messengers to Receptors in Psoriasis: The Role of IL-17RA in Disease and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136740"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scala, E., Cacciapuoti, S., Garzorz-Stark, N., Megna, M., Marasca, C., Seiringer, P., Volz, T., Eyerich, K., and Fabbrocini, G. (2021). Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Where We Are and Where We Are Going. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10082094"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35723-8_1","article-title":"Neutrophils in the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"1224","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0412-0","article-title":"Neutrophil chemoattractant receptors in health and disease: Double-edged swords","volume":"17","author":"Metzemaekers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7529","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-1192","article-title":"IL-22, but Not IL-17, Dominant Environment in Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma","volume":"17","author":"Miyagaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.27","article-title":"Malignant cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells express IL-17 utilizing the Jak3\/Stat3 signaling pathway","volume":"131","author":"Krejsgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9533-9_10","article-title":"The Mast Cell in Innate and Adaptive Immunity","volume":"716","author":"Shelburne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"186","article-title":"Mast Cells and Immunoregulation\/Immunomodulation","volume":"716","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-415638","article-title":"Mast cells play a protumorigenic role in primary cutaneous lymphoma","volume":"120","author":"Rabenhorst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00424","article-title":"Are Mast Cells MASTers in Cancer?","volume":"8","author":"Varricchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eder, J., Rogojanu, R., Jerney, W., Erhart, F., Dohnal, A., Kitzw\u00f6gerer, M., Steiner, G., Moser, J., and Trautinger, F. (2016). Mast Cells Are Abundant in Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas: Results from a Computer-Aided Quantitative Immunohistological Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163661"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.3.1338","article-title":"Role of mast cell and stem cell factor in hyperpigmented mycosis fungoides","volume":"90","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00422","article-title":"Mast Cells and Sensory Nerves Contribute to Neurogenic Inflammation and Pruritus in Chronic Skin Inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Siiskonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104183241607","article-title":"The Immunobiology of Eosinophils","volume":"324","author":"Flier","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00520-4","article-title":"Eosinophilic Dermatoses: Recognition and Management","volume":"21","author":"Marzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1502863","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"373","author":"Furuta","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2020.10.005","article-title":"Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and other eosinophilic lung diseases","volume":"66","author":"Barry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2010.05.005","article-title":"Chemokines and cutaneous lymphoma","volume":"59","author":"Sugaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00570","article-title":"Eosinophil Cytokines, Chemokines, and Growth Factors: Emerging Roles in Immunity","volume":"5","author":"Davoine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12229","article-title":"Tumour-induced immune suppression: Role of inflammatory mediators released by myelomonocytic cells","volume":"276","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"5277","article-title":"STAT3 activation and infiltration of eosinophil granulocytes in mycosis fungoides","volume":"34","author":"Fredholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.03.003","article-title":"In situ eosinophil activation in 26 primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas with blood eosinophilia","volume":"52","author":"Ionescu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Blood Eosinophilia in Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas","volume":"140","author":"Ionescu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.109853","article-title":"Increased interleukin 5 production in eosinophilic S\u00e9zary syndrome: Regulation by interferon alfa and interleukin","volume":"44","author":"Suchin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1513","article-title":"Presence of Circulating CCR10+ T cells and Elevated Serum CTACK\/CCL27 in the Early Stage of Mycosis Fungoides","volume":"12","author":"Fujita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15834","article-title":"Is blocking IL-4 receptor alpha beneficial for patients with mycosis fungoides or S\u00e9zary syndrome?","volume":"48","author":"Sugaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2008.02990.x","article-title":"Increased serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels in patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma","volume":"34","author":"Miyagaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/ni805","article-title":"Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell\u2013mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP","volume":"3","author":"Soumelis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.07.714","article-title":"Low SATB1 Expression Promotes IL-5 and IL-9 Expression in S\u00e9zary Syndrome","volume":"140","author":"Herrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16237","article-title":"Interleukin-25 is involved in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma progression by establishing a T helper 2-dominant microenvironment","volume":"178","author":"Nakajima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-07-590398","article-title":"Interleukin-13 is overexpressed in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells and regulates their proliferation","volume":"125","author":"Geskin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17570","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with Mycosis Fungoides and S\u00e9zary Syndrome: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Ottevanger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1428","article-title":"Association of Nerve Growth Factor, Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligands and Immunoglobulin E with Pruritus in Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma","volume":"93","author":"Suga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-012-1238-0","article-title":"Angiogenin levels are increased in lesional skin and sera in patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T cell lymphoma","volume":"304","author":"Miyagaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-016-0351-0","article-title":"S\u00e9zary Syndrome: Clinical and Biological Aspects","volume":"11","author":"Kohnken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malign. Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.024","article-title":"Fibroblasts: Origins, definitions, and functions in health and disease","volume":"184","author":"Plikus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01428-1","article-title":"Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: New findings and future perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.470","article-title":"Low Herpesvirus Entry Mediator (HVEM) Expression on Dermal Fibroblasts Contributes to a Th2-Dominant Microenvironment in Advanced Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"132","author":"Miyagaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-04-1492","article-title":"Skin homing of Sezary cells involves SDF-1-CXCR4 signaling and down-regulation of CD26\/dipeptidylpeptidase IV","volume":"107","author":"Narducci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-2403","article-title":"Differential Effects of Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-15 versus Interleukin-21 on CD4+ Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Cells","volume":"68","author":"Marzec","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-1297","article-title":"Mechanism, Consequences, and Therapeutic Targeting of Abnormal IL15 Signaling in Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma","volume":"6","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.488","article-title":"The Role of IL-32 in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"134","author":"Suga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.66","article-title":"COX-2-dependent PGE2 acts as a growth factor in mycosis fungoides (MF)","volume":"24","author":"Kopp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302951","article-title":"Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma Expresses Immunosuppressive CD80 (B7-1) Cell Surface Protein in a STAT5-Dependent Manner","volume":"192","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4780","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-08-109074","article-title":"Resistance to FasL and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated apoptosis in S\u00e9zary syndrome T-cells associated with impaired death receptor and FLICE-inhibitory protein expression","volume":"111","author":"Contassot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15451","article-title":"Cell signaling in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma microenvironment: Promising targets for molecular-specific treatment","volume":"60","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12445","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression in mycosis fungoides","volume":"66","author":"Pileri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2010.517877","article-title":"Evaluation of lymphangiogenic markers in S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Karpova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14033","article-title":"Serum vascular endothelial growth factor A levels reflect itch severity in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2517","article-title":"Podoplanin Expression Correlates with Disease Progression in Mycosis Fungoides","volume":"97","author":"Kobierzycki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1997.tb00164.x","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases in skin","volume":"6","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.015","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases: Regulators of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"141","author":"Kessenbrock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.09.008","article-title":"TIMPs as multifacial proteins","volume":"49","author":"Lambert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181b72678","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Study of the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Skin Lesions of Mycosis Fungoides","volume":"32","author":"Rasheed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napoli, S., Scuderi, C., Gattuso, G., di Bella, V., Candido, S., Basile, M.S., Libra, M., and Falzone, L. (2020). Functional Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Melanoma. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051151"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-006-0239-2","article-title":"Immunoscreening of a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma library for plasma membrane proteins","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08612.x","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients with mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"159","author":"Talpur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5507","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-0707","article-title":"Deficient Cutaneous Antibacterial Competence in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas: Role of Th2-Mediated Biased Th17 Function","volume":"20","author":"Wolk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00823","article-title":"The Structural Biology of Galectin-Ligand Recognition: Current Advances in Modeling Tools, Protein Engineering, and Inhibitor Design","volume":"7","author":"Modenutti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0b013e328362370f","article-title":"Galectins in hematological malignancies","volume":"20","author":"Giordano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-396457","article-title":"Galectin-1 inhibits the viability, proliferation, and Th1 cytokine production of nonmalignant T cells in patients with leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"119","author":"Watanabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.284","article-title":"Malignant T Cells Secrete Galectins and Induce Epidermal Hyperproliferation and Disorganized Stratification in a Skin Model of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"135","author":"Thode","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-009-0150-8","article-title":"Twist2 regulates CD7 expression and galectin-1-induced apoptosis in mature T-cells","volume":"28","author":"Koh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402438","article-title":"CD4+CD7\u2212 leukemic T cells from patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome are protected from galectin-1-triggered T cell death","volume":"16","author":"Rappl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MP.0000071840.84469.06","article-title":"Galectin-1\u2013Mediated Apoptosis in Mycosis Fungoides: The Roles of CD7 and Cell Surface Glycosylation","volume":"16","author":"Roberts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2019.09.004","article-title":"Possible therapeutic applicability of galectin-9 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"96","author":"Nakajima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/2\/936\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:27:30Z","timestamp":1760362050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/2\/936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23020936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23020936","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]}}}