{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:32:46Z","timestamp":1790512366450,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-53-56041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-53-56041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The investigation of the combined toxic action of different types of nanoparticles (NPs) and their interaction between each other and with aquatic organisms is an important problem of modern ecotoxicology. In this study, we assessed the individual and mixture toxicities of cadmium and zinc sulfides (CdS and ZnS), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and two types of mesoporous silicon dioxide (with no inclusions (SMB3) and with metal inclusions (SMB24)) by a microalga growth inhibition bioassay. The counting and size measurement of microalga cells and NPs were performed by flow cytometry. The biochemical endpoints were measured by a UV-VIS microplate spectrophotometer. The highest toxicity was observed for SMB24 (EC50, 3.6 mg\/L) and CdS (EC50, 21.3 mg\/L). A combined toxicity bioassay demonstrated that TiO2 and the SMB3 NPs had a synergistic toxic effect in combinations with all the tested samples except SMB24, probably caused by a \u201cTrojan horse effect\u201d. Sample SMB24 had antagonistic toxic action with CdS and ZnS, which was probably caused by metal ion scavenging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T08:20:42Z","timestamp":1642407642000},"page":"990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Individual and Binary Mixture Toxicity of Five Nanoparticles in Marine Microalga Heterosigma akashiwo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3185-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"Pikula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"},{"name":"Federal Research Center the Yakut Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Petrovskogo Str., 677000 Yakutsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-5454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Ali","family":"Johari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran St, Sanandaj 6617715175, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"Santos-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, R. Helio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Radiopharmacy, Zona Oeste State University, Av. Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203-Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070200, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4873-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill","family":"Golokhvast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"},{"name":"Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia"},{"name":"Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Radio 7, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19275-4","article-title":"Risks, Release and Concentrations of Engineered Nanomaterial in the Environment","volume":"8","author":"Giese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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