{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T07:59:34Z","timestamp":1793519974272,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG \u2013 CRC1181\u2010project number C04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG \u2013 CRC1181\u2010project number C04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG \u2010 MA 2621\/4\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG \u2010 MA 2621\/4\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG \u2010 MA 2621\/5\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG \u2010 MA 2621\/5\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DAAD- 91646398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAAD- 91646398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The clinical symptoms of shigellosis, a gastrointestinal infection caused by Shigella spp. range from watery diarrhea to fulminant dysentery. Endemic infections, particularly among children in developing countries, represent the majority of clinical cases. The situation is aggravated due to the high mortality rate of shigellosis, the rapid dissemination of multi-resistant Shigella strains and the induction of only serotype-specific immunity. Thus, infection prevention due to vaccination, encompassing as many of the circulating serotypes as possible, has become a topic of interest. However, vaccines have turned out to be ineffective so far. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are promising novel targets for vaccination. OMVs are constitutively secreted by Gram-negative bacteria including Shigella during growth. They are composed of soluble luminal portions and an insoluble membrane and can contain toxins, bioactive periplasmic and cytoplasmic (lipo-) proteins, (phospho-) lipids, nucleic acids and\/or lipopolysaccharides. Thus, OMVs play an important role in bacterial cell\u2013cell communication, growth, survival and pathogenesis. Furthermore, they modulate the secretion and transport of biomolecules, the stress response, antibiotic resistance and immune responses of the host. Thus, OMVs serve as novel secretion machinery. Here, we discuss the current literature and highlight the properties of OMVs as potent vaccine candidates because of their immunomodulatory, antigenic and adjuvant properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T08:20:42Z","timestamp":1642407642000},"page":"994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Shigella Outer Membrane Vesicles as Promising Targets for Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Qasim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Wrage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t (FAU) Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"N\u00fcse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t (FAU) Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Mattner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t (FAU) Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Akhondi, H., and Simonsen, K.A. 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