{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:12:38Z","timestamp":1784304758063,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hallym University Research Fund","award":["HURF-2021-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HURF-2021-08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The inflammatory mechanisms of environmental pollutants in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have recently been proposed. However, the mechanisms underlying the inflammatory effects of particulate matter (PM) on nasal polyp (NP) tissues remain unknown. Here we investigated the mechanism underlying the inflammatory effects of PM10 on human nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs). We isolated NPDFs from human NP tissues obtained from patients with CRS with NPs (CRSwNP). The NPDFs were exposed to PM10 in vitro. Immunologic characteristics were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot, and flow cytometry. Additionally, we investigated the effect of NPDF-conditioned media (CM) on the expression of CD4+ T cell inflammatory mediators. PM10-treated NPDFs significantly upregulated interleukin (IL)-6, IL-4, and IL-33 expression and CXCL1 protein levels than PM10-treated normal tissues. MAP kinase, AP-1, and NF-kB were the primary cell signaling proteins. Immune cells in NPDF-CM had elevated IL-13, IL-17A, and IL-10 expression, but no significant difference in IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-4 expression. Moreover, under a Th2 inducing condition, NPDF-CM-treated CD4+ T cells had increased expression of IL-13, IL-10, and IL-17, which was reversed on ST2 inhibitor addition. Our study suggests that PM10 exposure could significantly increase the Th2 inflammatory pathway in NP tissues, specifically the IL-33\/ST2 pathway-mediated immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T08:09:20Z","timestamp":1642493360000},"page":"1018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effect of Airborne Particulate Matter on the Immunologic Characteristics of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hyun-Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4917-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240301700106","article-title":"The Economic Burden and Symptom Manifestations of Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"17","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. 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