{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T04:31:41Z","timestamp":1782189101441,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19H05654, 19KK0226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H05654, 19KK0226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While type 2 immunity has traditionally been associated with the control of parasitic infections and allergic reactions, increasing evidence suggests that type 2 immunity exerts regulatory functions on inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, and also on bone homeostasis. This review summarizes the current evidence of the regulatory role of type 2 immunity in arthritis and bone. Key type 2 cytokines, like interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, but also others such as IL-5, IL-9, IL-25, and IL-33, exert regulatory properties on arthritis, dampening inflammation and inducing resolution of joint swelling. Furthermore, these cytokines share anti-osteoclastogenic properties and thereby reduce bone resorption and protect bone. Cellular effectors of this action are both T cells (i.e., Th2 and Th9 cells), but also non-T cells, like type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). Key regulatory actions mediated by type 2 cytokines and immune cells on both inflammation as well as bone homeostasis are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T22:51:06Z","timestamp":1642719066000},"page":"1104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Inflammatory Arthritis and Bone Metabolism Regulated by Type 2 Innate and Adaptive Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8912-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasunori","family":"Omata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"},{"name":"Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-3687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Frech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Schett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3844-1664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario M.","family":"Zaiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) and Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakae","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3831","article-title":"Type 2 cytokines: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"15","author":"Wynn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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