{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T06:54:58Z","timestamp":1792220098603,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the governmental order for Boreskov Institute of Catalysis","award":["\u0410\u0410\u0410\u0410-\u041021-121011390055-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u0410\u0410\u0410\u0410-\u041021-121011390055-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Levulinic acid and its esters (e.g., ethyl levulinate, EL) are platform chemicals derived from biomass feedstocks that can be converted to a variety of valuable compounds. Reductive amination of levulinates with primary amines and H2 over heterogeneous catalysts is an attractive method for the synthesis of N-alkyl-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidones, which are an environmentally friendly alternative to the common solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). In the present work, the catalytic properties of the different nickel phosphide catalysts supported on SiO2 and Al2O3 were studied in a reductive amination of EL with n-hexylamine to N-hexyl-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (HMP) in a flow reactor. The influence of the phosphorus precursor, reduction temperature, reactant ratio, and addition of acidic diluters on the catalyst performance was investigated. The Ni2P\/SiO2 catalyst prepared using (NH4)2HPO4 and reduced at 600 \u00b0C provides the highest HMP yield, which reaches 98%. Although the presence of acid sites and a sufficient hydrogenating ability are important factors determining the pyrrolidone yield, the selectivity also depends on the specific features of EL adsorption on active catalytic sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T22:51:06Z","timestamp":1642719066000},"page":"1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effect of Phosphorus Precursor, Reduction Temperature, and Support on the Catalytic Properties of Nickel Phosphide Catalysts in Continuous-Flow Reductive Amination of Ethyl Levulinate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6236-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yazhou","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1111-4524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey L.","family":"Nuzhdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2583-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan V.","family":"Shamanaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny G.","family":"Kodenev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3230-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeny Yu.","family":"Gerasimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina V.","family":"Bukhtiyarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6988-5749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galina A.","family":"Bukhtiyarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1039\/C8GC02001A","article-title":"Valorization of levulinic acid over non-noble metal catalysts: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"20","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110876","article-title":"Reductive amination of levulinic acid or its derivatives to pyrrolidones over heterogeneous catalysts in the batch and continuous flow reactors: A review","volume":"143","author":"Bukhtiyarova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. 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