{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T09:14:53Z","timestamp":1791882893243,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU110-MF-102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU110-MF-102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TAIWAN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 108-2314-B-039-047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2314-B-039-047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TAIWAN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 110-2410-H-039-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2410-H-039-008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) causes peripheral nerve injury complications with motor and sensory dysfunction of the upper limb. Growing evidence has shown an active role played by cold-water swimming (CWS) in alleviating peripheral neuropathic pain and functional recovery. This study examined whether CWS could promote functional recovery and pain modulation through the reduction of neuroinflammation and microglial overactivation in dorsal horn neurons at the early-stage of BPA. After BPA surgery was performed on rats, they were assigned to CWS or sham training for 5 min twice a day for two weeks. Functional behavioral responses were tested before and after BPA surgery, and each week during training. Results after the two-week training program showed significant improvements in BPA-induced motor and sensory loss (p &lt; 0.05), lower inflammatory cell infiltration, and vacuole formation in injured nerves among the BPA\u2013CWS group. Moreover, BPA significantly increased the expression of SP and IBA1 in dorsal horn neurons (p &lt; 0.05), whereas CWS prevented their overexpression in the BPA\u2013CWS group. The present findings evidenced beneficial rehabilitative effects of CWS on functional recovery and pain modulation at early-stage BPA. The beneficial effects are partially related to inflammatory suppression and spinal modulation. The synergistic role of CWS combined with other management approaches merits further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T08:37:18Z","timestamp":1642754238000},"page":"1178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Early Intervention of Cold-Water Swimming on Functional Recovery and Spinal Pain Modulation Following Brachial Plexus Avulsion in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8507-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueh-Ling","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nian-Pu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kao-An Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Taichung 40763, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Fong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kao-An Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Taichung 40763, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Lin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Chia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kao-An Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Taichung 40763, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8875915","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8875915","article-title":"Comparison of different in vivo animal models of brachial plexus avulsion and its application in pain study","volume":"2020","author":"Xian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S174663","article-title":"A model of neuropathic pain in brachial plexus avulsion injury and associated spinal glial cell activation","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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