{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T08:05:04Z","timestamp":1768723504281,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We used \u03b1-Latrotoxin (\u03b1-LTx), the main neurotoxic component of the black widow spider venom, which causes degeneration of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) followed by a rapid and complete regeneration, as a molecular tool to identify by RNA transcriptomics factors contributing to the structural and functional recovery of the NMJ. We found that Urocortin 2 (UCN2), a neuropeptide involved in the stress response, is rapidly expressed at the NMJ after acute damage and that inhibition of CRHR2, the specific receptor of UCN2, delays neuromuscular transmission rescue. Experiments in neuronal cultures show that CRHR2 localises at the axonal tips of growing spinal motor neurons and that its expression inversely correlates with synaptic maturation. Moreover, exogenous UCN2 enhances the growth of axonal sprouts in cultured neurons in a CRHR2-dependent manner, pointing to a role of the UCN2-CRHR2 axis in the regulation of axonal growth and synaptogenesis. Consistently, exogenous administration of UCN2 strongly accelerates the regrowth of motor axon terminals degenerated by \u03b1-LTx, thereby contributing to the functional recovery of neuromuscular transmission after damage. Taken together, our results posit a novel role for UCN2 and CRHR2 as a signalling axis involved in NMJ regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T08:37:18Z","timestamp":1642754238000},"page":"1186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Latrotoxin-Induced Neuromuscular Junction Degeneration Reveals Urocortin 2 as a Critical Contributor to Motor Axon Terminal Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-8706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"D\u2019Este","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Stazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuele","family":"Negro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"U.O.C. Clinica Neurologica, Azienda Ospedale-Universit\u00e0 Padova, Via Giustiniani 5, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7971-5310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aram","family":"Megighian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Giuseppe Orus 2, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florigio","family":"Lista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Medical Center, Scientific Department, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ornella","family":"Rossetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Research Council, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"CIR-Myo, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Montecucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Research Council, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1763-2648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Rigoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"CIR-Myo, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4127-254X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pirazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"CIR-Myo, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2014","article-title":"Mechanisms Regulating Neuromuscular Junction Development and Function and Causes of Muscle Wasting","volume":"95","author":"Tintignac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. 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