{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:40:09Z","timestamp":1790278809393,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Otago Foundation Trust","award":["\"Preterm Birth Research Fund\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\"Preterm Birth Research Fund\""]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001509","name":"Royal Society of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001509","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008247","name":"University of Otago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Otago Doctoral Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Otago Doctoral Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The maternal diet during pregnancy is a key determinant of offspring health. Early studies have linked poor maternal nutrition during gestation with a propensity for the development of chronic conditions in offspring. These conditions include cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and even compromised mental health. While multiple factors may contribute to these outcomes, disturbed epigenetic programming during early development is one potential biological mechanism. The epigenome is programmed primarily in utero, and during this time, the developing fetus is highly susceptible to environmental factors such as nutritional insults. During neurodevelopment, epigenetic programming coordinates the formation of primitive central nervous system structures, neurogenesis, and neuroplasticity. Dysregulated epigenetic programming has been implicated in the aetiology of several neurodevelopmental disorders such as Tatton-Brown-Rahman syndrome. Accordingly, there is great interest in determining how maternal nutrient availability in pregnancy might affect the epigenetic status of offspring, and how such influences may present phenotypically. In recent years, a number of epigenetic enzymes that are active during embryonic development have been found to require vitamin C as a cofactor. These enzymes include the ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases (TETs) and the Jumonji C domain-containing histone lysine demethylases that catalyse the oxidative removal of methyl groups on cytosines and histone lysine residues, respectively. These enzymes are integral to epigenetic regulation and have fundamental roles in cellular differentiation, the maintenance of pluripotency and development. The dependence of these enzymes on vitamin C for optimal catalytic activity illustrates a potentially critical contribution of the nutrient during mammalian development. These insights also highlight a potential risk associated with vitamin C insufficiency during pregnancy. The link between vitamin C insufficiency and development is particularly apparent in the context of neurodevelopment and high vitamin C concentrations in the brain are indicative of important functional requirements in this organ. Accordingly, this review considers the evidence for the potential impact of maternal vitamin C status on neurodevelopmental epigenetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:32:52Z","timestamp":1642969972000},"page":"1208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["The Epigenetic Role of Vitamin C in Neurodevelopment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9854-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharna J.","family":"Coker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal & Developmental Physiology Group, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6242, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3334-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos C.","family":"Smith-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Dyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal & Developmental Physiology Group, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6242, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4261-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margreet C. M.","family":"Vissers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9798-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary J.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal & Developmental Physiology Group, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6242, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12446","article-title":"Vitamin C: The Known and the Unknown and Goldilocks","volume":"22","author":"Padayatty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2006.05607.x","article-title":"Vitamin C: Biosynthesis, Recycling and Degradation in Mammals","volume":"274","author":"Linster","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, J.F., Pullar, J.M., Wilson, R., Spittlehouse, J.K., Vissers, M.C.M., Skidmore, P.M.L., Willis, J., Cameron, V.A., and Carr, A.C. (2017). Vitamin C Status Correlates with Markers of Metabolic and Cognitive Health in 50-Year-Olds: Findings of the CHALICE Cohort Study. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080831"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27016","article-title":"Serum Vitamin C and the Prevalence of Vitamin C Deficiency in the United States: 2003\u20132004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)","volume":"90","author":"Schleicher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowe, S., and Carr, A.C. (2020). Global Vitamin C Status and Prevalence of Deficiency: A Cause for Concern?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072008"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.74.3.193","article-title":"Concentrations of Ascorbic Acid in the Plasma of Pregnant Smokers and Nonsmokers and Their Newborns","volume":"74","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.55.1","article-title":"Concentrations of Antioxidant Vitamins in Maternal and Cord Serum and Their Effect on Birth Outcomes","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1938.01980170050008","article-title":"Vitamin C in Human Pregnancy and Lactation: I. Studies during Pregnancy","volume":"56","author":"Teel","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513000913","article-title":"Prolonged Maternal Vitamin C Deficiency Overrides Preferential Fetal Ascorbate Transport but Does Not Influence Perinatal Survival in Guinea Pigs","volume":"110","author":"Schjoldager","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-014-0809-6","article-title":"Maternal Vitamin C Deficiency during Pregnancy Results in Transient Fetal and Placental Growth Retardation in Guinea Pigs","volume":"54","author":"Schjoldager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(79)90022-7","article-title":"Comparative Aspects of the Brain Growth Spurt","volume":"3","author":"Dobbing","year":"1979","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tveden-Nyborg, P., Vogt, L., Schjoldager, J.G., Jeannet, N., Hasselholt, S., Paidi, M.D., Christen, S., and Lykkesfeldt, J. (2012). Maternal Vitamin C Deficiency during Pregnancy Persistently Impairs Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Offspring of Guinea Pigs. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048488"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27954","article-title":"Vitamin C Deficiency in Early Postnatal Life Impairs Spatial Memory and Reduces the Number of Hippocampal Neurons in Guinea Pigs","volume":"90","author":"Johansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507787457","article-title":"Vitamin C Deficiency in Weanling Guinea Pigs: Differential Expression of Oxidative Stress and DNA Repair in Liver and Brain","volume":"98","author":"Lykkesfeldt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.01.009","article-title":"Prenatal Vitamin C Deficiency Results in Differential Levels of Oxidative Stress during Late Gestation in Foetal Guinea Pig Brains","volume":"2","author":"Paidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/0502-514","article-title":"Ascorbic-Acid Transporter Slc23a1 Is Essential for Vitamin C Transport into the Brain and for Perinatal Survival","volume":"8","author":"Sotiriou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)90019-1","article-title":"The Redox Couple between Glutathione and Ascorbic Acid: A Chemical and Physiological Perspective","volume":"17","author":"Winkler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1021\/bi980480v","article-title":"The Catalytic Mechanism of the Glutathione-Dependent Dehydroascorbate Reductase Activity of Thioltransferase (Glutaredoxin)","volume":"38","author":"Washburn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lykkesfeldt, J., and Tveden-Nyborg, P. (2019). The Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin C. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102412"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/19986","article-title":"A Family of Mammalian Na+-Dependent L-Ascorbic Acid Transporters","volume":"399","author":"Tsukaguchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1929","article-title":"Human Vitamin C (l-Ascorbic Acid) Transporter SVCT1","volume":"267","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.018","article-title":"Vitamin C Function in the Brain: Vital Role of the Ascorbate Transporter SVCT2","volume":"46","author":"Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9092","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.436790","article-title":"Intestinal Dehydroascorbic Acid (DHA) Transport Mediated by the Facilitative Sugar Transporters, GLUT2 and GLUT8","volume":"288","author":"Corpe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00347-3","article-title":"Differential Compartmentalization of Brain Ascorbate and Glutathione between Neurons and Glia","volume":"82","author":"Rice","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tveden-Nyborg, P. (2021). Vitamin C Deficiency in the Young Brain\u2014Findings from Experimental Animal Models. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051685"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515000690","article-title":"Distribution of Vitamin C Is Tissue Specific with Early Saturation of the Brain and Adrenal Glands Following Differential Oral Dose Regimens in Guinea Pigs","volume":"113","author":"Hasselholt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6093818","article-title":"Does Vitamin C Deficiency Affect Cognitive Development and Function?","volume":"6","author":"Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5082860","article-title":"Regulation of Vitamin C Homeostasis during Deficiency","volume":"5","author":"Lindblad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09229.x","article-title":"Micronutrient Homeostasis in Mammalian Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid","volume":"53","author":"Spector","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20751","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Study of the Distribution of Sodium-Dependent Vitamin C Transporters in Adult Rat Brain","volume":"83","author":"Mun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90056-1","article-title":"Regional Distribution of Ascorbate in Human Brain","volume":"212","author":"Mefford","year":"1981","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1272","article-title":"Human Placental Sodium-Dependent Vitamin C Transporter (SVCT2): Molecular Cloning and Transport Function","volume":"262","author":"Rajan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051718","article-title":"Maternal Intake of Antioxidant Vitamins in Pregnancy in Relation to Maternal and Fetal Plasma Levels at Delivery","volume":"95","author":"Scaife","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juhl, B., Lauszus, F., and Lykkesfeldt, J. (2017). Poor Vitamin C Status Late in Pregnancy Is Associated with Increased Risk of Complications in Type 1 Diabetic Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030186"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(94)90462-6","article-title":"Preeclampsia and Antioxidant Nutrients: Decreased Plasma Levels of Reduced Ascorbic Acid, \u03b1-Tocopherol, and Beta-Carotene in Women with Preeclampsia","volume":"171","author":"Mikhail","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00363-6","article-title":"Vitamin C Intake and the Risk of Preterm Delivery","volume":"189","author":"Promislow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-007-9638-8","article-title":"The Effect of Maternal and Cord-Blood Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Lipid Peroxide Levels on Newborn Birth Weight","volume":"309","author":"Jain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601976","article-title":"Influence of Maternal Serum Levels of Vitamins C and E during the Second Trimester on Birth Weight and Length","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054186","article-title":"Vitamins C and E and the Risks of Preeclampsia and Perinatal Complications","volume":"354","author":"Rumbold","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908056","article-title":"Vitamins C and E to Prevent Complications of Pregnancy-Associated Hypertension","volume":"362","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.125735","article-title":"Vitamin C and E Supplementation in Women at Risk of Preeclampsia Is Associated with Changes in Indices of Oxidative Stress and Placental Function","volume":"187","author":"Chappell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)80010-5","article-title":"Effect of Antioxidants on the Occurrence of Pre-Eclampsia in Women at Increased Risk: A Randomised Trial","volume":"354","author":"Chappell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19860006","article-title":"The Effects of Maternal Folic Acid and Vitamin C Nutrition in Early Pregnancy on Reproductive Performance in the Guinea-Pig","volume":"55","author":"Habibzadeh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6673.564","article-title":"Growth in Utero, Blood Pressure in Childhood and Adult Life, and Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"298","author":"Barker","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90710-1","article-title":"Weight in Infancy and Death from Ischaemic Heart Disease","volume":"334","author":"Barker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6998.171","article-title":"Fetal Origins of Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"311","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0950115","article-title":"In Utero Programming of Chronic Disease","volume":"95","author":"Barker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20198","article-title":"The Role of Developmental Plasticity and Epigenetics in Human Health","volume":"93","author":"Gluckman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part C Embryo Today Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400248","article-title":"Type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus: The Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis","volume":"35","author":"Hales","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5R","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e318045bedb","article-title":"Epigenetic Mechanisms and the Mismatch Concept of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease","volume":"61","author":"Godfrey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatric. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux053","article-title":"Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Current Knowledge and Potential Mechanisms","volume":"75","author":"Hoffman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2017.60.6.506","article-title":"What Is Fetal Programming?: A Lifetime Health Is under the Control of in Utero Health","volume":"60","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.07.018","article-title":"Epigenetics: The Link between Nature and Nurture","volume":"34","author":"Tammen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237423","article-title":"Epigenetics: Definition, Mechanisms and Clinical Perspective","volume":"27","author":"Dupont","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a018200","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018200","article-title":"A Brief History of Epigenetics","volume":"6","author":"Felsenfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.276568.115","article-title":"Role of TET Enzymes in DNA Methylation, Development, and Cancer","volume":"30","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.2037511","article-title":"CpG Islands and the Regulation of Transcription","volume":"25","author":"Deaton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.7.4246","article-title":"Active Gene Sequences Are Undermethylated","volume":"78","author":"Cedar","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.11.001","article-title":"Vitamin C\u2014A New Player in Regulation of the Cancer Epigenome","volume":"51","author":"Gillberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170116","article-title":"Conversion of 5-Methylcytosine to 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Mammalian DNA by MLL Partner TET1","volume":"324","author":"Tahiliani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.5b01210","article-title":"Role of Histone-Modifying Enzymes and Their Complexes in Regulation of Chromatin Biology","volume":"55","author":"DesJarlais","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2006.05.038","article-title":"Connections between Epigenetic Gene Silencing and Human Disease","volume":"618","author":"Moss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00493","article-title":"An Epigenetic Road Map for Histone Lysine Methylation","volume":"116","author":"Lachner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S145971","article-title":"Targeting Histone Methyltransferase and Demethylase in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Castelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04433","article-title":"Histone Demethylation by a Family of JmjC Domain-Containing Proteins","volume":"439","author":"Tsukada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.5236","article-title":"Non-Coding RNAs as Regulators in Epigenetics","volume":"37","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2011.09.004","article-title":"De Novo DNA Methylation: A Germ Cell Perspective","volume":"28","author":"Smallwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.21451\/1984-3143-AR2019-0062","article-title":"DNA Methylation, Environmental Exposures and Early Embryo Development","volume":"16","author":"Elder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.234294.113","article-title":"DNA Methylation Dynamics during Epigenetic Reprogramming in the Germline and Preimplantation Embryos","volume":"28","author":"Messerschmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0501","article-title":"Dynamic Reprogramming of DNA Methylation in the Early Mouse Embryo","volume":"241","author":"Santos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.019","article-title":"Reversing DNA Methylation: Mechanisms, Genomics, and Biological Functions","volume":"156","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5538","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6538","article-title":"Epigenetic Memory of the First Cell Fate Decision Prevents Complete ES Cell Reprogramming into Trophoblast","volume":"5","author":"Cambuli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1427-9","article-title":"You Are What You Eat, and so Are Your Children: The Impact of Micronutrients on the Epigenetic Programming of Offspring","volume":"71","author":"Vanhees","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000508053","article-title":"Critical and Sensitive Periods in Development and Nutrition","volume":"75","author":"Colombo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banik, A., Kandilya, D., Ramya, S., St\u00fcnkel, W., Chong, Y., and Dheen, S. (2017). Maternal Factors That Induce Epigenetic Changes Contribute to Neurological Disorders in Offspring. Genes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8060150"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12396","article-title":"Epigenetics and the Maintenance of Developmental Plasticity: Extending the Signalling Theory Framework","volume":"93","author":"Laubach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2012.03.003","article-title":"Nutrition and Epigenetics: An Interplay of Dietary Methyl Donors, One-Carbon Metabolism and DNA Methylation","volume":"23","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557515666150909144828","article-title":"Nutri-Epigenomic Studies Related to Neural Tube Defects: Does Folate Affect Neural Tube Closure Via Changes in DNA Methylation?","volume":"15","author":"Rochtus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.000992","article-title":"Folate and DNA Methylation: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms and the Evidence for Folate\u2019s Role","volume":"3","author":"Crider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0979","article-title":"Epigenetic Gene Promoter Methylation at Birth Is Associated with Child\u2019s Later Adiposity","volume":"60","author":"Godfrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12834","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914328107","article-title":"Maternal Dietary Choline Deficiency Alters Angiogenesis in Fetal Mouse Hippocampus","volume":"107","author":"Mehedint","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2011.09.015","article-title":"Dietary Methyl Donor Deficiency during Pregnancy in Rats Shapes Learning and Anxiety in Offspring","volume":"31","author":"Konycheva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-020-00681-1","article-title":"Maternal Folic Acid Impacts DNA Methylation Profile in Male Rat Offspring Implicated in Neurodevelopment and Learning\/Memory Abilities","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31777","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705539200","article-title":"Gestational Choline Deficiency Causes Global and Igf2 Gene DNA Hypermethylation by Up-Regulation of Dnmt1 Expression","volume":"282","author":"Kovacheva","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr254","article-title":"Nitrosatable Drug Exposure during Early Pregnancy and Neural Tube Defects in Offspring: National Birth Defects Prevention Study","volume":"174","author":"Brender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19830026","article-title":"The Effect of Periconceptional Supplementation on Blood Vitamin Concentrations in Women at Recurrence Risk for Neural Tube Defect","volume":"49","author":"Schorah","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00128","article-title":"Reprogramming the Epigenome With Vitamin C","volume":"7","author":"Ahearn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.22","article-title":"Insufficient Ascorbic Acid Intake during Gestation Induces Abnormal Cardiac Dilation in Fetal and Neonatal SMP30\/GNL Knockout Mice","volume":"73","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.06.008","article-title":"Low Vitamin C and Increased Oxidative Stress and Cell Death in Mice That Lack the Sodium-Dependent Vitamin C Transporter SVCT2","volume":"49","author":"Harrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b10554","article-title":"Tet2 Catalyzes Stepwise 5-Methylcytosine Oxidation by an Iterative and de Novo Mechanism","volume":"138","author":"Crawford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1210944","article-title":"Tet-Mediated Formation of 5-Carboxylcytosine and Its Excision by TDG in Mammalian DNA","volume":"333","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12750","article-title":"TET Enzymes, TDG and the Dynamics of DNA Demethylation","volume":"502","author":"Kohli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09303","article-title":"Role of Tet Proteins in 5mC to 5hmC Conversion, ES-Cell Self-Renewal and Inner Cell Mass Specification","volume":"466","author":"Ito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev183129","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.183129","article-title":"The Roles of TET Family Proteins in Development and Stem Cells","volume":"147","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"14","article-title":"Emerging Epigenetic Therapeutics for Myeloid Leukemia: Modulating Demethylase Activity with Ascorbate","volume":"106","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.248005.114","article-title":"Role of Tet Proteins in Enhancer Activity and Telomere Elongation","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675780","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.675780","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of Genomic Stability by Vitamin C","volume":"12","author":"Brabson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24425-w","article-title":"Tissue-Specific 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Landscape of the Human Genome","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20001-w","article-title":"A Human Tissue Map of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosines Exhibits Tissue Specificity through Gene and Enhancer Modulation","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.337","article-title":"The Ten-Eleven Translocation-2 (TET2) Gene in Hematopoiesis and Hematopoietic Diseases","volume":"28","author":"Solary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10396","DOI":"10.1021\/ja4028346","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid Enhances Tet-Mediated 5-Methylcytosine Oxidation and Promotes DNA Demethylation in Mammals","volume":"135","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12362","article-title":"Vitamin C Induces Tet-Dependent DNA Demethylation and a Blastocyst-like State in ES Cells","volume":"500","author":"Blaschke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071714-034228","article-title":"Regulation of the Epigenome by Vitamin C","volume":"35","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000438853","article-title":"TET Family of Dioxygenases: Crucial Roles and Underlying Mechanisms","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2014.00359","article-title":"Ascorbate as a Co-Factor for Fe- and 2-Oxoglutarate Dependent Dioxygenases: Physiological Activity in Tumor Growth and Progression","volume":"4","author":"Kuiper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2010.08.006","article-title":"Structural Studies on Human 2-Oxoglutarate Dependent Oxygenases","volume":"20","author":"McDonough","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08496.x","article-title":"Autocatalysed Oxidative Modifications to 2-Oxoglutarate Dependent Oxygenases","volume":"279","author":"Mantri","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio863","article-title":"Non-Heme Dioxygenases: Cellular Sensors and Regulators Jelly Rolled into One?","volume":"3","author":"Ozer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4728","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP07266B","article-title":"A Computational Investigation on the Substrate Preference of Ten-Eleven-Translocation 2 (TET2)","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.688762","article-title":"Fumarate and Succinate Regulate Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Genes via TET Enzymes","volume":"291","author":"Laukka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03335-7","article-title":"Tet3 Regulates Cellular Identity and DNA Methylation in Neural Progenitor Cells","volume":"77","author":"Santiago","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12202","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608679113","article-title":"Retinol and Ascorbate Drive Erasure of Epigenetic Memory and Enhance Reprogramming to Na\u00efve Pluripotency by Complementary Mechanisms","volume":"113","author":"Hore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(78)91010-0","article-title":"The Role of Ascorbate in the Prolyl Hydroxylase Reaction","volume":"83","author":"Kivirikko","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13669","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C113.464800","article-title":"Ascorbate Induces Ten-Eleven Translocation (Tet) Methylcytosine Dioxygenase-Mediated Generation of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine","volume":"288","author":"Minor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2807","article-title":"Vitamin C Modulates TET1 Function during Somatic Cell Reprogramming","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1932","article-title":"Vitamin C Facilitates Dopamine Neuron Jmjd3-Dependent Epigenetic Control Manner","volume":"33","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10238","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612262113","article-title":"Vitamin C Increases Viral Mimicry Induced by 5-Aza-2\u2019-Deoxycytidine","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.07.010","article-title":"Tet1 Is Dispensable for Maintaining Pluripotency and Its Loss Is Compatible with Embryonic and Postnatal Development","volume":"9","author":"Dawlaty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3868","article-title":"Lineage-Specific Functions of TET1 in the Postimplantation Mouse Embryo","volume":"49","author":"Khoueiry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.171","article-title":"Vitamin C-Induced Epigenomic Remodelling in IDH1 Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukaemia","volume":"32","author":"Mingay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.07.032","article-title":"Restoration of TET2 Function Blocks Aberrant Self-Renewal and Leukemia Progression","volume":"170","author":"Cimmino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23876","article-title":"Ascorbate Regulates Haematopoietic Stem Cell Function and Leukaemogenesis","volume":"549","author":"Agathocleous","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0739-5","article-title":"Oral Vitamin C Supplementation to Patients with Myeloid Cancer on Azacitidine Treatment: Normalization of Plasma Vitamin C Induces Epigenetic Changes","volume":"11","author":"Gillberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709543","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.709543","article-title":"Ascorbate Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Myeloid Differentiation in TP53-Mutant Leukemia","volume":"11","author":"Magon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810069","article-title":"Mutation in TET2 in Myeloid Cancers","volume":"360","author":"Delhommeau","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrone, C.K., Blydt-Hansen, M., and Rauh, M.J. (2020). Age-Associated TET2 Mutations: Common Drivers of Myeloid Dysfunction, Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020626"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10443","article-title":"The Role of Tet3 DNA Dioxygenase in Epigenetic Reprogramming by Oocytes","volume":"477","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8267","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617802113","article-title":"Tet Proteins Influence the Balance between Neuroectodermal and Mesodermal Fate Choice by Inhibiting Wnt Signaling","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1240","article-title":"5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in the Mammalian Zygote Is Linked with Epigenetic Reprogramming","volume":"2","author":"Wossidlo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014033108","article-title":"Reprogramming of the Paternal Genome upon Fertilization Involves Genome-Wide Oxidation of 5-Methylcytosine","volume":"108","author":"Iqbal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)91023-9","article-title":"Ascorbate Is Consumed Stoichiometrically in the Uncoupled Reactions Catalyzed by Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase and Lysyl Hydroxylase","volume":"259","author":"Myllyla","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)57475-0","article-title":"Partial Identity of the 2-Oxoglutarate and Ascorbate Binding Sites of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase","volume":"261","author":"Majamaa","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2013.63","article-title":"Tet Family of 5-Methylcytosine Dioxygenases in Mammalian Development","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322921111","article-title":"Distinct Roles of the Methylcytosine Oxidases Tet1 and Tet2 in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells","volume":"111","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2012.12.015","article-title":"Combined Deficiency of Tet1 and Tet2 Causes Epigenetic Abnormalities but Is Compatible with Postnatal Development","volume":"24","author":"Dawlaty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4509","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-325241","article-title":"Deletion of Tet2 in Mice Leads to Dysregulated Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Subsequent Development of Myeloid Malignancies","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14566","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112317108","article-title":"Ten-Eleven-Translocation 2 (TET2) Negatively Regulates Homeostasis and Differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Mice","volume":"108","author":"Ko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.06.001","article-title":"Tet2 Loss Leads to Increased Hematopoietic Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Myeloid Transformation","volume":"20","author":"Reavie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.06.003","article-title":"TET2 Inactivation Results in Pleiotropic Hematopoietic Abnormalities in Mouse and Is a Recurrent Event during Human Lymphomagenesis","volume":"20","author":"Quivoron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew096","article-title":"TET Enzymes Are Successively Expressed during Human Spermatogenesis and Their Expression Level Is Pivotal for Male Fertility","volume":"31","author":"Ni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1536-1","article-title":"Maternal Vitamin C Regulates Reprogramming of DNA Methylation and Germline Development","volume":"573","author":"DiTroia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77962-7","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid during the Suckling Period Is Required for Proper DNA Demethylation in the Liver","volume":"10","author":"Kawahori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.02.005","article-title":"Chromatin Modifications and Their Function","volume":"128","author":"Kouzarides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a026484","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a026484","article-title":"Histone Lysine Demethylase Inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Jambhekar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.11.011","article-title":"Distinct and Combinatorial Functions of Jmjd2b\/Kdm4b and Jmjd2c\/Kdm4c in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Identity","volume":"53","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.78.070907.103946","article-title":"Reversal of Histone Methylation: Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms of Histone Demethylases","volume":"79","author":"Mosammaparast","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2013.29","article-title":"Breathing-in Epigenetic Change with Vitamin C","volume":"14","author":"Monfort","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.6b00958","article-title":"The Activity of JmjC Histone Lysine Demethylase KDM4A Is Highly Sensitive to Oxygen Concentrations","volume":"12","author":"Hancock","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239864","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of Mouse Sex Determination by the Histone Demethylase Jmjd1a","volume":"341","author":"Kuroki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.11849","article-title":"The Histone H3K9 Demethylase Kdm3b Is Required for Somatic Growth and Female Reproductive Function","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.13795","article-title":"Knockout of the Histone Demethylase Kdm3b Decreases Spermatogenesis and Impairs Male Sexual Behaviors","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.383","article-title":"Jarid1b Targets Genes Regulating Development and Is Involved in Neural Differentiation","volume":"30","author":"Schmitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albert, M., Schmitz, S.U., Kooistra, S.M., Malatesta, M., Morales Torres, C., Rekling, J.C., Johansen, J.V., Abarrategui, I., and Helin, K. (2013). The Histone Demethylase Jarid1b Ensures Faithful Mouse Development by Protecting Developmental Genes from Aberrant H3K4me3. PLoS Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003461"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2011.11.009","article-title":"UTX, a Histone H3-Lysine 27 Demethylase, Acts as a Critical Switch to Activate the Cardiac Developmental Program","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04853","article-title":"The Transcriptional Repressor JHDM3A Demethylates Trimethyl Histone H3 Lysine 9 and Lysine 36","volume":"442","author":"Klose","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19226","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700735104","article-title":"JARID1B Is a Histone H3 Lysine 4 Demethylase Up-Regulated in Prostate Cancer","volume":"104","author":"Xiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239821281881201","DOI":"10.1177\/2398212818812011","article-title":"Epigenetics, Chromatin and Brain Development and Function","volume":"2","author":"Isles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Neurosci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.014209","article-title":"Early-Life Nutritional Programming of Cognition\u2014The Fundamental Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms in Mediating the Relation between Early-Life Environment and Learning and Memory Process","volume":"8","author":"Moody","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr. Int. Rev. J."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/13810","article-title":"Rett Syndrome Is Caused by Mutations in X-Linked MECP2, Encoding Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2","volume":"23","author":"Amir","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011811-132457","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Fragile X Syndrome: A Twenty-Year Perspective","volume":"7","author":"Santoro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2011.300131","article-title":"Higher Rates of Behavioural and Emotional Problems at Preschool Age in Children Born Moderately Preterm","volume":"97","author":"Potijk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.01.027","article-title":"School Outcomes of Late Preterm Infants: Special Needs and Challenges for Infants Born at 32 to 36 Weeks Gestation","volume":"153","author":"Chyi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.04.017","article-title":"Deficits in Spatial Orientation of Children with Intrauterine Growth Retardation","volume":"67","author":"Leitner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7308.310","article-title":"Influence of Variation in Birth Weight within Normal Range and within Sibships on IQ at Age 7 Years: Cohort Study","volume":"323","author":"Matte","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807302605","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Children With Intrauterine Growth Retardation: A Longitudinal, 10-Year Prospective Study","volume":"22","author":"Leitner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(94)00430-L","article-title":"The Cognitive Outcome of Full-Term Small for Gestational Age Infants at Late Adolescence","volume":"85","author":"Ido","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.115","article-title":"Normal Development of Brain Circuits","volume":"35","author":"Tau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9148-4","article-title":"The Basics of Brain Development","volume":"20","author":"Stiles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2268","article-title":"The Brain before Birth: Using FMRI to Explore the Secrets of Fetal Neurodevelopment","volume":"126","author":"Konkel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.07.007","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Introduction to Brain Development","volume":"92","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.3.4.8803","article-title":"Transcription Factors and Neural Stem Cell Self-Renewal, Growth and Differentiation","volume":"3","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Adhes. Migr."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2810","article-title":"Epigenetic Control of Neural Precursor Cell Fate during Development","volume":"11","author":"Hirabayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.15.119","article-title":"DNA Methylation Dynamics in Neurogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt091","article-title":"Genome-Wide Comparison of DNA Hydroxymethylation in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Neural Progenitor Cells by a New Comparative HMeDIP-Seq Method","volume":"41","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2014.08.018","article-title":"TET Enzymes and DNA Hydroxymethylation in Neural Development and Function\u2014How Critical Are They?","volume":"104","author":"Santiago","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hon, G.C., Song, C.X., Du, T., Jin, F., Selvaraj, S., Lee, A.Y., Yen, C.A., Ye, Z., Mao, S.Q., and Wang, B.A. (2014). 5mC Oxidation by Tet2 Modulates Enhancer Activity and Timing of Transcriptome Reprogramming during Differentiation. Mol. Cell, 56.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.08.026"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237905","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237905","article-title":"Global Epigenomic Reconfiguration during Mammalian Brain Development","volume":"341","author":"Lister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8734-5","article-title":"Critical Role of Tet3 in Neural Progenitor Cell Maintenance and Terminal Differentiation","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10647","article-title":"Ascorbate-Induced Differentiation of Embryonic Cortical Precursors into Neurons and Astrocytes","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200408260-00025","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid Responsive Genes during Neuronal Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells","volume":"15","author":"Shin","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.70","article-title":"Epigenetic Mechanisms in Neurogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.01.011","article-title":"Dynamics of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine and Chromatin Marks in Mammalian Neurogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Hahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15903","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15903","article-title":"Ten-Eleven Translocation 2 Interacts with Forkhead Box O3 and Regulates Adult Neurogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.02.001","article-title":"Tet2 Rescues Age-Related Regenerative Decline and Enhances Cognitive Function in the Adult Mouse Brain","volume":"22","author":"Gontier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.05.006","article-title":"Tet1 Regulates Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Cognition","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.08.003","article-title":"Tet1 Is Critical for Neuronal Activity-Regulated Gene Expression and Memory Extinction","volume":"79","author":"Rudenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4236","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510510112","article-title":"Simultaneous Deletion of the Methylcytosine Oxidases Tet1 and Tet3 Increases Transcriptome Variability in Early Embryogenesis","volume":"112","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15876","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15876","article-title":"Maternal TET3 Is Dispensable for Embryonic Development but Is Required for Neonatal Growth","volume":"5","author":"Tsukada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274948","article-title":"Guinea Pig Models for Translation of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis into the Clinic","volume":"596","author":"Morrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy047","article-title":"Facts and Hypotheses about the Programming of Neuroplastic Deficits by Prenatal Malnutrition","volume":"77","author":"Barra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322011001300002","article-title":"Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression: A Clinical Perspective","volume":"66","author":"Bliss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.08.032","article-title":"TET1 Controls CNS 5-Methylcytosine Hydroxylation, Active DNA Demethylation, Gene Transcription, and Memory Formation","volume":"79","author":"Kaas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4008","article-title":"Tet3 Regulates Synaptic Transmission and Homeostatic Plasticity via DNA Oxidation and Repair","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.03.022","article-title":"Hydroxylation of 5-Methylcytosine by TET1 Promotes Active DNA Demethylation in the Adult Brain","volume":"145","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318906111","article-title":"Neocortical Tet3-Mediated Accumulation of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Promotes Rapid Behavioral Adaptation","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645335","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.645335","article-title":"TET Enzymes and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Progenitor Cell Biology and Neurodevelopment","volume":"9","author":"MacArthur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.105.2.1023","article-title":"Differentiation of Axon-Related Schwann Cells in Vitro. I. Ascorbic Acid Regulates Basal Lamina Assembly and Myelin Formation","volume":"105","author":"Eldridge","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23306","article-title":"Vitamin C Promotes Oligodendrocytes Generation and Remyelination","volume":"66","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"GLIA"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20923","article-title":"Sodium-Dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 (SVCT2) Is Necessary for the Uptake of L-Ascorbic Acid into Schwann Cells","volume":"58","author":"Gess","year":"2010","journal-title":"GLIA"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17180","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3457-11.2011","article-title":"Sodium-Dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 Deficiency Causes Hypomyelination and Extracellular Matrix Defects in the Peripheral Nervous System","volume":"31","author":"Gess","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15015","article-title":"Vitamin C Regulates Schwann Cell Myelination by Promoting DNA Demethylation of Pro-Myelinating Genes","volume":"157","author":"Huff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2019.12.007","article-title":"Delineation of a Human Mendelian Disorder of the DNA Demethylation Machinery: TET3 Deficiency","volume":"106","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2917","article-title":"Mutations in the DNA Methyltransferase Gene DNMT3A Cause an Overgrowth Syndrome with Intellectual Disability","volume":"46","author":"Seal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00279-X","article-title":"Association between Type 2 Diabetes and Prenatal Exposure to the Ukraine Famine of 1932\u201333: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"3","author":"Lumey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.09.051","article-title":"Malnutrition in Early Life and Adult Mental Health: Evidence from a Natural Experiment","volume":"97","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.84.6.595","article-title":"Coronary Heart Disease after Prenatal Exposure to the Dutch Famine, 1944\u20131945","volume":"84","author":"Roseboom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.649149","article-title":"Authors\u2019 Perspective: What Is the Optimum Intake of Vitamin C in Humans?","volume":"52","author":"Frei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993229","article-title":"Is Vitamin C Supplementation Beneficial? Lessons Learned from Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"103","author":"Lykkesfeldt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004853","article-title":"Dietary Ascorbate Intake Affects Steady State Tissue Concentrations in Vitamin C\u2013Deficient Mice: Tissue Deficiency after Suboptimal Intake and Superior Bioavailability from a Food Source (Kiwifruit)","volume":"93","author":"Vissers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)65088-4","article-title":"The synthesis of L-Ascorbic acid in the rat from D-Glucuronolactone and L-Gulonolactone","volume":"223","author":"Burns","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2011.00852.x","article-title":"Chronic Vitamin C Deficiency Does Not Accelerate Oxidative Stress in Ageing Brains of Guinea Pigs","volume":"110","author":"Hasselholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R525","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00153.2009","article-title":"Are Animal Models Relevant to Key Aspects of Human Parturition?","volume":"297","author":"Mitchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.014977","article-title":"Endovascular Trophoblast Invasion: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Preeclampsia","volume":"69","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.02.005","article-title":"The Guinea Pig Placenta: Model of Placental Growth Dynamics","volume":"28","author":"Mess","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(70)90311-2","article-title":"Growth and Development of the Brain and Spinal Cord of the Guinea Pig","volume":"17","author":"Dobbing","year":"1970","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2013.07.006","article-title":"Guinea Pig Ascorbate Status Predicts Tetrahydrobiopterin Plasma Concentration and Oxidation Ratio in Vivo","volume":"33","author":"Mortensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/3\/1208\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:05:47Z","timestamp":1760133947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/3\/1208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"references-count":216,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23031208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23031208","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]}}}