{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:35:09Z","timestamp":1792604109347,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/35\/N\/NZ4\/01111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/35\/N\/NZ4\/01111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Actions of symbiotic gut microbiota are in dynamic balance with the host\u2019s organism to maintain homeostasis. Many different factors have an impact on this relationship, including bacterial metabolites. Several substrates for their synthesis have been established, including tryptophan, an exogenous amino acid. Many biological processes are influenced by the action of tryptophan and its endogenous metabolites, serotonin, and melatonin. Recent research findings also provide evidence that gut bacteria-derived metabolites of tryptophan share the biological effects of their precursor. Thus, this review aims to investigate the biological actions of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a gut microbiota-derived metabolite of tryptophan. We searched PUBMED and Google Scholar databases to identify pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluating the impact of IPA on the health and pathophysiology of the immune, nervous, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular system in mammals. IPA exhibits a similar impact on the energetic balance and cardiovascular system to its precursor, tryptophan. Additionally, IPA has a positive impact on a cellular level, by preventing oxidative stress injury, lipoperoxidation and inhibiting synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Its synthesis can be diminished in the presence of different risk factors of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, protective factors, such as the introduction of a Mediterranean diet, tend to increase its plasma concentration. IPA seems to be a promising new target, linking gut health with the cardiovascular system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:32:52Z","timestamp":1642969972000},"page":"1222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":215,"title":["Biological Effects of Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite, and Its Precursor Tryptophan in Mammals\u2019 Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6435-3863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Konopelski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabella","family":"Mogilnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000167","article-title":"The gut microbiome and its role in obesity","volume":"51","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.11.051","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology","volume":"51","author":"Gurung","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06672","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiome in obstructive sleep apnea-induced hypertension","volume":"67","author":"Durgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05315","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis is linked to hypertension","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-019-02322-y","article-title":"Butyric acid, a gut bacteria metabolite, lowers arterial blood pressure via colon-vagus nerve signaling and GPR41\/43 receptors","volume":"471","author":"Onyszkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Koeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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