{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:09:14Z","timestamp":1765994954979,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National key research and development program\/National natural science foundation of China\/Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2016YFD0501302\/2017YFD0501406\/31772791\/2662018JC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0501302\/2017YFD0501406\/31772791\/2662018JC001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to establish the clinical breakpoint (CBP) of apramycin (APR) against Salmonella in swine and evaluate its effect on intestinal microbiota. The CBP was established based on three cutoff values of wild-type cutoff value (COWT), pharmacokinetic-pharmadynamic (PK\/PD) cutoff value (COPD) and clinical cutoff value (COCL). The effect of the optimized dose regimen based on ex vivo PK\/PD study. The evolution of the ileum flora was determined by the 16rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics. This study firstly established the COWT, COPD in ileum, and COCL of APR against swine Salmonella, the value of these cutoffs were 32 \u00b5g\/mL, 32 \u00b5g\/mL and 8 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. According to the guiding principle of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), the final CBP in ileum was 32 \u00b5g\/mL. Our results revealed the main evolution route in the composition of ileum microbiota of diarrheic piglets treated by APR. The change of the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Euryarchaeota was the most obvious during the evolution process. Methanobrevibacter, Prevotella, S24-7 and Ruminococcaceae were obtained as the highest abundance genus. The abundance of Methanobrevibacter increased significantly when APR treatment carried and decreased in cure and withdrawal period groups. The abundance of Prevotella in the tested groups was significantly lower than that in the healthy group. A decreased of abundance in S24-7 was observed after Salmonella infection and increased slightly after cure. Ruminococcaceae increased significantly after Salmonella infection and decreased significantly after APR treatment. In addition, the genera of Methanobrevibacter and Prevotella were defined as the key node. Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, D-Alanine metabolism, Peptidoglycan and amino acids biosynthesis were the top five Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways in the ileum microbiota of piglets during the Salmonella infection and APR treatment process. Our study extended the understanding of dynamic shift of gut microbes during diarrheic piglets treated by APR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T04:49:51Z","timestamp":1643258991000},"page":"1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical Breakpoint of Apramycin to Swine Salmonella and Its Effect on Ileum Flora"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinli","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guyue","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haihong","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2708","article-title":"Salmonella Infection in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Breeding Sows","volume":"17","author":"Garrido","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. 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