{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T15:35:02Z","timestamp":1776612902021,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["HL146603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL146603"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2TR002317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR002317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epilepsy is a heterogenous neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures, mitochondrial stress, and neurodegeneration. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter that promotes mitochondrial function and biogenesis, elicits neuromodulation and neuroprotection, and may acutely suppress seizures. A major gap in knowledge remains in understanding the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and progressive changes in H2S levels following acute seizures or during epileptogenesis. We thus sought to quantify changes in H2S and its methylated metabolite (MeSH) via LC-MS\/MS following acute maximal electroshock and 6 Hz 44 mA seizures in mice, as well as in the early phases of the corneally kindled mouse model of chronic seizures. Plasma H2S was acutely reduced after a maximal electroshock seizure. H2S or MeSH levels and expressions of related genes in whole brain homogenates from corneally kindled mice were not altered. However, plasma H2S levels were significantly lower during kindling, but not after established kindling. Moreover, we demonstrated a time-dependent increase in expression of mitochondrial membrane integrity-related proteins, OPA1, MFN2, Drp1, and Mff during kindling, which did not correlate with changes in gene expression. Taken together, short-term reductions in plasma H2S could be a novel biomarker for seizures. Future studies should further define the role of H2S and mitochondrial stress in epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:00:56Z","timestamp":1643320856000},"page":"1434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reductions in Hydrogen Sulfide and Changes in Mitochondrial Quality Control Proteins Are Evident in the Early Phases of the Corneally Kindled Mouse Model of Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Christi","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Zeigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rheem A.","family":"Totah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8175-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Barker-Haliski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745613","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/745613","article-title":"Seizure-induced oxidative stress in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"2015","author":"Puttachary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4680(00)00053-5","article-title":"Oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"7","author":"Kannan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100505","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and cell signaling","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharm. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3391","article-title":"H(2)S signalling through protein sulfhydration and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Paul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1021\/cn500185g","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: A neuromodulator and neuroprotectant in the central nervous system","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00674","article-title":"CSE-Derived H2S Inhibits Reactive Astrocytes Proliferation and Promotes Neural Functional Recovery after Cerebral Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury in Mice Via Inhibition of RhoA\/ROCK2 Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1815fje","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide protects neurons from oxidative stress","volume":"18","author":"Kimura","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2008.2282","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide increases glutathione production and suppresses oxidative stress in mitochondria","volume":"12","author":"Kimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.36516","article-title":"Potential for therapeutic use of hydrogen sulfide in oxidative stress-induced neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"16","author":"Tabassum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13098","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901304R","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide signaling in mitochondria and disease","volume":"33","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14446","article-title":"Regulators of the transsulfuration pathway","volume":"176","author":"Sbodio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14464","article-title":"Homeostatic impact of sulfite and hydrogen sulfide on cysteine catabolism","volume":"176","author":"Kohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szabo, C. (2021). Hydrogen Sulfide, an Endogenous Stimulator of Mitochondrial Function in Cancer Cells. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020220"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115634109","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) metabolism in mitochondria and its regulatory role in energy production","volume":"109","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-03-01066.1996","article-title":"The possible role of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous neuromodulator","volume":"16","author":"Abe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:26:1:013","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide as a neuromodulator","volume":"26","author":"Kimura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C720","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00014.2020","article-title":"3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase\/hydrogen sulfide protects cerebral endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reoxygenation-induced injury via mitoprotection and inhibition of the RhoA\/ROCK pathway","volume":"319","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34543","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.605733","article-title":"Characterization and interaction studies of two isoforms of the dual localized 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase TUM1 from humans","volume":"289","author":"Frasdorf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0431-5","article-title":"Non-enzymatic hydrogen sulfide production from cysteine in blood is catalyzed by iron and vitamin B6","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson-Smith, J.N., and Patel, M. (2017). Metabolic Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112365"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2273-1","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Contributes to Status Epilepticus Associated Mortality","volume":"42","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.112.192138","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"342","author":"Johri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2010.11.004","article-title":"Dynamin-related protein 1 and mitochondrial fragmentation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"67","author":"Reddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.04.019","article-title":"Role of mitochondrial fission in neuronal injury in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats","volume":"245","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20559","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101527200","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of Bif-1. A novel Src homology 3 domain-containing protein that associates with Bax","volume":"276","author":"Cuddeback","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv128","article-title":"Loss of endophilin-B1 exacerbates Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4074-13.2014","article-title":"Bax interacting factor-1 promotes survival and mitochondrial elongation in neurons","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4161\/cib.7745","article-title":"Endophilin B1: Guarding the gate to destruction","volume":"2","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun. Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frankowski, H., Yeboah, F., Berry, B.J., Kinoshita, C., Lee, M., Evitts, K., Davis, J., Kinoshita, Y., Morrison, R.S., and Young, J.E. (2021). Knock-Down of HDAC2 in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Neurons Improves Neuronal Mitochondrial Dynamics, Neuronal Maturation and Reduces Amyloid Beta Peptides. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.18.427156"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2791","article-title":"A Bcl-xL-Drp1 complex regulates synaptic vesicle membrane dynamics during endocytosis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15560","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705891104","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by preservation of mitochondrial function","volume":"104","author":"Elrod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6627","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide inhibits mitochondrial fission in neuroblastoma N2a cells through the Drp1\/ERK1\/2 signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Qiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2018.11.001","article-title":"Evidence that thiol group modification and reactive oxygen species are involved in hydrogen sulfide-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in rat cerebellum","volume":"47","author":"Britto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00592.x","article-title":"Will a critical level of hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia always induce an absence seizure?","volume":"37","author":"Wirrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11788","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CC00968A","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) releasing agents: Chemistry and biological applications","volume":"50","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13457","article-title":"Involvement of H2S, NO and BDNF-TrkB signalling pathway in the protective effects of simvastatin against pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and cognitive impairments in mice","volume":"127","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharm. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"107750","article-title":"Validated animal models for antiseizure drug (ASD) discovery: Advantages and potential pitfalls in ASD screening","volume":"167","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107811","article-title":"The current approach of the Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program contract site for identifying improved therapies for the treatment of pharmacoresistant seizures in epilepsy","volume":"166","author":"Wilcox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2227-7","article-title":"Validation of a Preclinical Drug Screening Platform for Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Pitkanen, A., Buckmaster, P.S., Galanopoulou, A.S., and Moshe, S.L. (2017). Kindling: A model and phenomenon of epilepsy. Models of Seizure and Epilepsy, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlw008","article-title":"Neuronal Injury, Gliosis, and Glial Proliferation in Two Models of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy","volume":"75","author":"Loewen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84218-5","article-title":"Human METTL7B is an alkyl thiol methyltransferase that metabolizes hydrogen sulfide and captopril","volume":"11","author":"Maldonato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.01.003","article-title":"Critical review of current animal models of seizures and epilepsy used in the discovery and development of new antiepileptic drugs","volume":"20","author":"Loscher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(99)00062-5","article-title":"Corneal kindling in mice: Behavioral and pharmacological differences to conventional kindling","volume":"37","author":"Potschka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2019.1636782","article-title":"How do we choose the appropriate animal model for antiseizure therapy development?","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(01)00302-3","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of the 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model of partial epilepsy","volume":"47","author":"Barton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13764","article-title":"Development and pharmacologic characterization of the rat 6 Hz model of partial seizures","volume":"58","author":"Metcalf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12893","article-title":"Genetic background of mice strongly influences treatment resistance in the 6 Hz seizure model","volume":"56","author":"Leclercq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2015.06.003","article-title":"Validation of the 6 Hz refractory seizure mouse model for intracerebroventricularly administered compounds","volume":"115","author":"Walrave","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16624","article-title":"Antiseizure drug efficacy and tolerability in established and novel drug discovery seizure models in outbred versus inbred mice","volume":"61","author":"Koneval","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase as a defense against cyanide toxication: Molecular properties and mode of detoxification","volume":"14","author":"Nagahara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/79.2.267","article-title":"The effect of olfactory stimuli in arresting uncinate fits","volume":"79","author":"Efron","year":"1956","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13899","article-title":"Multicenter clinical assessment of improved wearable multimodal convulsive seizure detectors","volume":"58","author":"Onorati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105470","article-title":"Neuron-specific mitochondrial oxidative stress results in epilepsy, glucose dysregulation and a striking astrocyte response","volume":"158","author":"Fulton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200704110","article-title":"OPA1 processing controls mitochondrial fusion and is regulated by mRNA splicing, membrane potential, and Yme1L","volume":"178","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201007152","article-title":"Mff is an essential factor for mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1 during mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells","volume":"191","author":"Otera","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e12-10-0721","article-title":"Fis1, Mff, MiD49, and MiD51 mediate Drp1 recruitment in mitochondrial fission","volume":"24","author":"Loson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7743","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200677200","article-title":"Loss of OPA1 perturbates the mitochondrial inner membrane structure and integrity, leading to cytochrome c release and apoptosis","volume":"278","author":"Olichon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.025","article-title":"OPA1 controls apoptotic cristae remodeling independently from mitochondrial fusion","volume":"126","author":"Frezza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.021","article-title":"Mitochondrial rhomboid PARL regulates cytochrome c release during apoptosis via OPA1-dependent cristae remodeling","volume":"126","author":"Cipolat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-8-32","article-title":"Dominant optic atrophy, OPA1, and mitochondrial quality control: Understanding mitochondrial network dynamics","volume":"8","author":"Alavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079368","article-title":"Mitochondrial biogenesis in mammals: The role of endogenous nitric oxide","volume":"299","author":"Nisoli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601253","article-title":"Nitric oxide-induced mitochondrial fission is regulated by dynamin-related GTPases in neurons","volume":"25","author":"Barsoum","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-3724fje","article-title":"Cystathionine beta-synthase, a key enzyme for homocysteine metabolism, is preferentially expressed in the radial glia\/astrocyte lineage of developing mouse CNS","volume":"19","author":"Enokido","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2646","article-title":"Targeted resequencing in epileptic encephalopathies identifies de novo mutations in CHD2 and SYNGAP1","volume":"45","author":"Carvill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.187484","article-title":"NaV1.1 channels and epilepsy","volume":"588","author":"Catterall","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.12.002","article-title":"Lateral-flow immunoassay for detecting drug-induced inhibition of mitochondrial DNA replication and mtDNA-encoded protein synthesis","volume":"343","author":"Nadanaciva","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17089","article-title":"Continuous seizure emergency evoked in mice with pharmacological, electrographic, and pathological features distinct from status epilepticus","volume":"62","author":"Knox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/3\/1434\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:08:43Z","timestamp":1760134123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/3\/1434"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23031434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23031434","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]}}}