{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:11:42Z","timestamp":1784592702771,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy","award":["POCU\/380\/6\/13\/125171."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCU\/380\/6\/13\/125171."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aims to compare the oxidative stress biomarkers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and histological changes induced by three cardiovascular risk factors, namely, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Hypertension was induced with 40 mg\/kg body weight (b.w.) of N omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl (L-NAME) administered orally. Dyslipidemia was induced by the administration of a diet with a high cholesterol (2%) content. Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of streptozocin (65 mg\/kg). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidative status (TOS) are increased by all three cardiovascular risk factors (up to 207%). The indirect assessment of NO synthesis (NOx) is observed to be reduced after L-NAME administration (43%), and dyslipidemia induction (16%), while type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with the highest levels of NOx (increased 112%). Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 1 diabetes reduced the total antioxidative capacity (TAC) and total thiol (SH) levels (up to 57%). The values of evaluated pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), assessed from the ascending aorta were elevated by all three cardiovascular risk factors, with the highest levels induced by type 1 diabetes mellitus (up to 259%). The histopathological examination of the ascending and descending aorta revealed reversible pro-atherogenic changes consisting of the accumulation of lipid droplets in the subendothelial connective tissue on rats with hypertension and dyslipidemia. Irreversible pro-atherogenic changes consisting of a reduction of the specific elasticity of the arteries were observed in rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes mellitus demonstrates an alteration of the oxidative stress parameters, the elevation of tissue levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and causing irreversible pro-atherogenic changes on the aortic wall.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:00:56Z","timestamp":1643320856000},"page":"1438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines, and Histological Changes in Experimental Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6185-7129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul-Mihai","family":"Boarescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Ha\u0163ieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Gheorghe Marinescu Street, No. 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana","family":"Boarescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Ha\u0163ieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Louis Pasteur Street, No. 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca Maria","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Ha\u0163ieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Gheorghe Marinescu Street, No. 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0570-0642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015etefan Horia","family":"Ro\u015fian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology\u2014Heart Institute, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mo\u021bilor Street, No. 19\u201321, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cNiculae St\u0103ncioiu\u201d Heart Institute Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mo\u021bilor Street, No. 19\u201321, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Corina","family":"Boc\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Ha\u0163ieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Gheorghe Marinescu Street, No. 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3706-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile","family":"Rus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur Street, No. 3\u20135, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u0103zvan Olimpiu","family":"Mada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cNiculae St\u0103ncioiu\u201d Heart Institute Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mo\u021bilor Street, No. 19\u201321, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iulia Diana","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cNiculae St\u0103ncioiu\u201d Heart Institute Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mo\u021bilor Street, No. 19\u201321, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, 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