{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:49:45Z","timestamp":1792046985653,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant NO.31971286, NO. 31771055 and NO. 31670996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant NO.31971286, NO. 31771055 and NO. 31670996"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Damage to organs by trauma, infection, diseases, congenital defects, aging, and other injuries causes organ malfunction and is life-threatening under serious conditions. Some of the lower order vertebrates such as zebrafish, salamanders, and chicks possess superior organ regenerative capacity over mammals. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1\/2), as key members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, are serine\/threonine protein kinases that are phylogenetically conserved among vertebrate taxa. MAPK\/ERK signaling is an irreplaceable player participating in diverse biological activities through phosphorylating a broad variety of substrates in the cytoplasm as well as inside the nucleus. Current evidence supports a central role of the MAPK\/ERK pathway during organ regeneration processes. MAPK\/ERK signaling is rapidly excited in response to injury stimuli and coordinates essential pro-regenerative cellular events including cell survival, cell fate turnover, migration, proliferation, growth, and transcriptional and translational activities. In this literature review, we recapitulated the multifaceted MAPK\/ERK signaling regulations, its dynamic spatio-temporal activities, and the profound roles during multiple organ regeneration, including appendages, heart, liver, eye, and peripheral\/central nervous system, illuminating the possibility of MAPK\/ERK signaling as a critical mechanism underlying the vastly differential regenerative capacities among vertebrate species, as well as its potential applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:00:56Z","timestamp":1643320856000},"page":"1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["MAPK\/ERK Pathway as a Central Regulator in Vertebrate Organ Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindi","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-8222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Tissue Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4644","article-title":"Regeneration versus scarring in vertebrate appendages and heart","volume":"238","author":"Jazwinska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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