{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:21:36Z","timestamp":1793830896299,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some say that all diseases begin in the gut. Interestingly, this concept is actually quite old, since it is attributed to the Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who proposed the hypothesis nearly 2500 years ago. The continuous breakthroughs in modern medicine have transformed our classic understanding of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and human health. Although the gut microbiota (GMB) has proven to be a core component of human health under standard metabolic conditions, there is now also a strong link connecting the composition and function of the GMB to the development of numerous diseases, especially the ones of musculoskeletal nature. The symbiotic microbes that reside in the gastrointestinal tract are very sensitive to biochemical stimuli and may respond in many different ways depending on the nature of these biological signals. Certain variables such as nutrition and physical modulation can either enhance or disrupt the equilibrium between the various species of gut microbes. In fact, fat-rich diets can cause dysbiosis, which decreases the number of protective bacteria and compromises the integrity of the epithelial barrier in the GIT. Overgrowth of pathogenic microbes then release higher quantities of toxic metabolites into the circulatory system, especially the pro-inflammatory cytokines detected in osteoarthritis (OA), thereby promoting inflammation and the initiation of many disease processes throughout the body. Although many studies link OA with GMB perturbations, further research is still needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:00:56Z","timestamp":1643320856000},"page":"1494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["The Association between Gut Microbiota and Osteoarthritis: Does the Disease Begin in the Gut?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9268-5120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano C.","family":"Ramires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, M\u00e3e de Deus Hospital, Porto Alegre 90110-270, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0549-6821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Silva","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6577-0012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafaela Pereira","family":"Ramires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Science, Boise State University, 1910 W University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6497-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Furtado","family":"da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, The Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04024-002, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9045-9493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhan","family":"Jeyaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7143-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sathish","family":"Muthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul 624304, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Vit\u00f3ria","family":"Lana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Max Planck University Center, Indaiatuba 13343-060, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Azzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4556-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Curtis Scott","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 83703, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2330-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 F\u00e1bio","family":"Lana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32230-3","article-title":"Osteoarthritis in 2020 and beyond: A Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Hunter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100587","article-title":"Global, Regional Prevalence, Incidence and Risk Factors of Knee Osteoarthritis in Population-Based Studies","volume":"29","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2020.06.021","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Subchondral Bone Alterations: The Rise of Osteoarthritis\u2014A Review","volume":"11","author":"Azzini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16044","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.44","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Pathological Mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.03.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2019.01.011","article-title":"Leukocyte-Rich PRP for Knee Osteoarthritis: Current Concepts","volume":"10","author":"Lana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2020.09.006","article-title":"The Protective Role of Glutathione in Osteoarthritis","volume":"15","author":"Setti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"29","article-title":"Macrophage Polarization and Meta-Inflammation","volume":"191","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Res. J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.136","article-title":"Low-Grade Inflammation as a Key Mediator of the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.196","article-title":"Role of Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Pathophysiology of Osteoarthritis","volume":"7","author":"Kapoor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.159","article-title":"The Role of Synovitis in Pathophysiology and Clinical Symptoms of Osteoarthritis","volume":"6","author":"Sellam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S154002","article-title":"Knee Osteoarthritis: Pathophysiology and Current Treatment Modalities","volume":"11","author":"Mora","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2018.10.004","article-title":"Nutritional, Metabolic and Genetic Considerations to Optimise Regenerative Medicine Outcome for Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Hafsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens2040606","article-title":"The Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Beneficial Role for Probiotics and Prebiotics","volume":"2","author":"Vitetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"24","article-title":"Recognizing the Risks of Chronic Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use in Older Adults","volume":"18","author":"Marcum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Long-Term Care Off. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.024","article-title":"Our Gut Microbiome: The Evolving Inner Self","volume":"171","author":"Kundu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0466-8","article-title":"Humans as Holobionts: Implications for Prevention and Therapy","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01830","article-title":"Aspects of Gut Microbiota and Immune System Interactions in Infectious Diseases, Immunopathology, and Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Lazar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000681","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome-Joint Connection: Implications in Osteoarthritis","volume":"32","author":"Favazzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33332","article-title":"Induction of Osteoarthritis and Metabolic Inflammation by a Very High-Fat Diet in Mice: Effects of Short-Term Exercise","volume":"64","author":"Griffin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.106930","article-title":"Association between Weight or Body Mass Index and Hand Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review","volume":"69","author":"Yusuf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the Human Gut Microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Microbial Ecology: Human Gut Microbes Associated with Obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8787","article-title":"Role of the Normal Gut Microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Jandhyala","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706625104","article-title":"Molecular-Phylogenetic Characterization of Microbial Community Imbalances in Human Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"104","author":"Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinninella, E., Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Franceschi, F., Miggiano, G.A.D., Gasbarrini, A., and Mele, M.C. (2019). What Is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","article-title":"Structure, Function and Diversity of the Healthy Human Microbiome","volume":"486","author":"Huttenhower","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01203","article-title":"Commensal Bacteria: An Emerging Player in Defense against Respiratory Pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.059","article-title":"Microbial Influences in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"134","author":"Sartor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002225","article-title":"Oligosaccharides: State of the Art","volume":"62","author":"Delzenne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05346.x","article-title":"Diversity of Faecal Oxalate-Degrading Bacteria in Black and White South African Study Groups: Insights into Understanding the Rarity of Urolithiasis in the Black Group","volume":"113","author":"Magwira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.104","article-title":"The Role of Oxalobacter Formigenes Colonization in Calcium Oxalate Stone Disease","volume":"83","author":"Siener","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5505.881","article-title":"Molecular Analysis of Commensal Host-Microbial Relationships in the Intestine","volume":"291","author":"Hooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.023416-0","article-title":"Differences between Human Subjects in the Composition of the Faecal Bacterial Community and Faecal Metabolism of Linoleic Acid","volume":"155","author":"Devillard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01531.x","article-title":"Conversion of Cholic Acid and Chenodeoxycholic Acid into Their 7-Oxo Derivatives by Bacteroides Intestinalis AM-1 Isolated from Human Feces","volume":"293","author":"Fukiya","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M002774","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota Modulates Host Energy and Lipid Metabolism in Mice","volume":"51","author":"Velagapudi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, C.M., Hong, T., van Pijkeren, J.P., Hemarajata, P., Trinh, D.V., Hu, W., Britton, R.A., Kalkum, M., and Versalovic, J. (2012). Histamine Derived from Probiotic Lactobacillus Reuteri Suppresses Tnf via Modulation of Pka and Erk Signaling. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031951"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"905215","article-title":"Bioavailability of Dietary Polyphenols and Gut Microbiota Metabolism: Antimicrobial Properties","volume":"2015","author":"Villar","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091334","article-title":"Induction of Protective IgA by Intestinal Dendritic Cells Carrying Commensal Bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Macpherson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.04.014","article-title":"Intestinal Bacteria Trigger T Cell-Independent Immunoglobulin A2 Class Switching by Inducing Epithelial-Cell Secretion of the Cytokine APRIL","volume":"26","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Rashidi, H.E. (Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 2021). Gut Microbiota and Immunity Relevance in Eubiosis and Dysbiosis, Saudi J. Biol. Sci., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.10.068"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2114","article-title":"Do symbiotic bacteria subvert host immunity?","volume":"7","author":"Hooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127119","article-title":"Symbiotic Bacteria Direct Expression of an Intestinal Bactericidal Lectin","volume":"313","author":"Cash","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689492","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/689492","article-title":"The Central Role of the Gut Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"2014","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14105","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i39.14105","article-title":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis Disorder?","volume":"20","author":"Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0844","article-title":"Assessing the Human Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Diseases","volume":"62","author":"Karlsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.04.060","article-title":"Reduced diversity of the intestinal microbiota during infancy is associated with increased risk of allergic disease at school age","volume":"128","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7493","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16047493","article-title":"Impacts of Gut Bacteria on Human Health and Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbott, A. (2016). Scientists bust myth that our bodies have more bacteria than human cells. Nature.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature.2016.19136"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sender, R., Fuchs, S., and Milo, R. (2016). Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body. PLoS Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/036103"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1403","article-title":"Changes in Gut Microbiota Control Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Diabetes in Mice","volume":"57","author":"Cani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01065","article-title":"The Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Diseases: The Role of Macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01462","article-title":"The Metabolic Signature of Macrophage Responses","volume":"10","author":"Viola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2005428","article-title":"Secretory factors from human adipose tissue and their functional role","volume":"64","author":"Hauner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","article-title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Weisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102","article-title":"Obesity alters gut microbial ecology","volume":"102","author":"Ley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.165886","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability","volume":"58","author":"Cani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-016-0002-0","article-title":"The Gut-Brain Axis: Is Intestinal Inflammation a Silent Driver of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis?","volume":"3","author":"Houser","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"879151","article-title":"Is the Gut Microbiota a New Factor Contributing to Obesity and Its Metabolic Disorders?","volume":"2012","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301689","article-title":"Gut-derived lipopolysaccharide augments adipose macrophage accumulation but is not essential for impaired glucose or insulin tolerance in mice","volume":"61","author":"Caesar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665111000565","article-title":"Fats, inflammation and insulin resistance: Insights to the role of macrophage and T-cell accumulation in adipose tissue","volume":"70","author":"Harford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1595","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 4 Deficiency Promotes the Alternative Activation of Adipose Tissue Macrophages","volume":"61","author":"Orr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"2269","article-title":"Unique CD14+ intestinal macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn disease via IL-23\/IFN-\u03b3 axis","volume":"118","author":"Kamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.03.014","article-title":"Relationship between inflammation, the gut microbiota, and metabolic osteoarthritis development: Studies in a rat model","volume":"23","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.05.008","article-title":"Both systemic and local lipopolysaccharide (LPS) burden are associated with knee OA severity and inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.05.016","article-title":"Osteoarthritis induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus is reduced in germ-free mice","volume":"26","author":"Ulici","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.017400","article-title":"How informative is the mouse for human gut microbiota research?","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19934","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of establishing a human gut microbial community within rodent models","volume":"3","author":"Bleich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01134","article-title":"A correlation between intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and osteoarthritis","volume":"5","author":"Szychlinska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, E.S., Oliva, E.M., P\u00e9rez, J.A., P\u00e9rez, S.M., Turroni, S., Marchese, L., and Villafa\u00f1e, J. (2021). Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Osteoarthritis Pain: Review of the Literature. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030716"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2876","article-title":"The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain","volume":"10","author":"Collins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.10.002","article-title":"Metabolic triggered inflammation in osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.05.009","article-title":"Gut microbiota and obesity-associated osteoarthritis","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00409","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Increased Plasma LPS and TMAO Levels in Patients with Preeclampsia","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02427-9","article-title":"The gut microbiota in osteoarthritis: Where do we stand and what can we do?","volume":"23","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2015.06.020","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia with obesity: Is it real and is it relevant?","volume":"124","author":"Boutagy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213864","article-title":"Deep phenotyping of osteoarthritis: A step forward","volume":"78","author":"Berenbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2016.06.029","article-title":"Revealed aspect of metabolic osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Chadha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2013.09.007","article-title":"Is osteoarthritis a metabolic disease?","volume":"80","author":"Sellam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39842","article-title":"Review: Metabolic Regulation of Inflammation in Osteoarthritis","volume":"69","author":"Berenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol. Hoboken NJ"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1467","article-title":"The Human Gut Microbiome and Its Relationship with Osteoarthritis Pain","volume":"22","author":"Turroni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Med. Malden Mass"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Sire, A., de Sire, R., Petito, V., Masi, L., Cisari, C., Gasbarrini, A., Scaldaferri, F., and Invernizzi, M. (2020). Gut\u2013Joint Axis: The Role of Physical Exercise on Gut Microbiota Modulation in Older People with Osteoarthritis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020574"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0454-9","article-title":"Revisiting the gut\u2013joint axis: Links between gut inflammation and spondyloarthritis","volume":"16","author":"Gracey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00585-3","article-title":"The gut\u2013joint axis in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"17","author":"Zaiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00845-0","article-title":"The gut-joint axis in spondyloarthritis: Immunological, microbial, and clinical insights","volume":"43","author":"Qaiyum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.158","article-title":"Does lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation have a role in OA?","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41210","article-title":"Identification of Cartilage Microbial DNA Signatures and Associations with Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis","volume":"72","author":"Dunn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.07.020","article-title":"The effects of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and the gut microbiome on load-induced osteoarthritis","volume":"27","author":"Guss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.05.015","article-title":"Experimental pain sensitivity differs as a function of clinical pain severity in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis","volume":"21","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil. OARS Osteoarthr. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12873-4","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome composition and its relation to joint pain and inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Boer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i5.552","article-title":"Functional gastrointestinal disorders and gut-brain axis: What does the future hold?","volume":"25","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2017.02.033","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiome in osteoarthritis and joint pain","volume":"25","author":"Boer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-012-0146-4","article-title":"Green-lipped mussel extract (Perna canaliculus) and glucosamine sulphate in patients with knee osteoarthritis: Therapeutic efficacy and effects on gastrointestinal microbiota profiles","volume":"21","author":"Coulson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1616\/1476-2137.15880","article-title":"Dietary prebiotics: Current status and new definition","volume":"7","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Bull. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.000075","article-title":"Prebiotic evaluation of cocoa-derived flavanols in healthy humans by using a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover intervention study","volume":"93","author":"Tzounis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davani-Davari, D., Negahdaripour, M., Karimzadeh, I., Seifan, M., Mohkam, M., Masoumi, S.J., Berenjian, A., and Ghasemi, Y. (2019). Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030092"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","article-title":"The Impact of Dietary Fiber on Gut Microbiota in Host Health and Disease","volume":"23","author":"Makki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.04.015","article-title":"Effect of alive probiotic on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patients: Randomized clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Kobyliak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3430","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease","volume":"13","author":"Kamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X13482996","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in health and chronic gastrointestinal disease: Understanding a hidden metabolic organ","volume":"6","author":"Guinane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.01.008","article-title":"The Human Microbiota in Health and Disease","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19320","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13117","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial cells: At the interface of the microbiota and mucosal immunity","volume":"158","author":"Soderholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38125-x","article-title":"IL-10 produced by macrophages regulates epithelial integrity in the small intestine","volume":"9","author":"Morhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2086-z","article-title":"Keep calm: The intestinal barrier at the interface of peace and war","volume":"10","author":"Thoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00277","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Landskron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2020.0057","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health","volume":"11","author":"Blaak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00533","article-title":"The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids on Lipopolysaccharide- or Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1-Stimulated Endothelial Cells via Activation of GPR41\/43 and Inhibition of HDACs","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.05.003","article-title":"Pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of short chain fatty acids on immune and endothelial cells","volume":"831","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45311-y","article-title":"Bidirectional regulatory potentials of short-chain fatty acids and their G-protein-coupled receptors in autoimmune neuroinflammation","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318427","article-title":"Leaky gut: Mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans","volume":"68","author":"Camilleri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00598","article-title":"Leaky Gut As a Danger Signal for Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Mu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-4466","article-title":"GPR109A Is a G-protein\u2013Coupled Receptor for the Bacterial Fermentation Product Butyrate and Functions as a Tumor Suppressor in Colon","volume":"69","author":"Thangaraju","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02883","article-title":"Intestinal Dendritic Cells in Health and Gut Inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Stagg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.12.007","article-title":"Activation of Gpr109a, Receptor for Niacin and the Commensal Metabolite Butyrate, Suppresses Colonic Inflammation and Carcinogenesis","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"729","article-title":"Nicotinic Acid Receptor GPR109A Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects Through Inhibiting the Akt\/mTOR Signaling Pathway in MIN6 Pancreatic \u03b2 cells","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6734","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7734","article-title":"Metabolite-sensing receptors GPR43 and GPR109A facilitate dietary fibre-induced gut homeostasis through regulation of the inflammasome","volume":"6","author":"Macia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"1455","article-title":"Probiotics: Mixed messages","volume":"51","author":"Mack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.12.010","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei suppresses experimental arthritis by down-regulating T helper 1 effector functions","volume":"45","author":"So","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-010-9457-7","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei reduces the Inflammatory Joint Damage Associated with Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) by Reducing the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines","volume":"31","author":"Amdekar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"CR347","article-title":"A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study of probiotics in active rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2010.12.013","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei enhances type II collagen\/glucosamine-mediated suppression of inflammatory responses in experimental osteoarthritis","volume":"88","author":"So","year":"2011","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000342079","article-title":"Probiotic Mechanisms of Action","volume":"61","author":"Gil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-36","article-title":"Diet and exercise orthogonally alter the gut microbiome and reveal independent associations with anxiety and cognition","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petriz, B.A., Castro, A.P., Almeida, J.A., Gomes, C.P., Fernandes, G.R., Kruger, R.H., Pereira, R.W., and Franco, O.L. (2014). Exercise induction of gut microbiota modifications in obese, non-obese and hypertensive rats. BMC Genom., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-511"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2014-0452","article-title":"Exercise training modifies gut microbiota in normal and diabetic mice","volume":"40","author":"Lambert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, C.C., LePard, K.J., Kwak, J.W., Stancukas, M.C., Laskowski, S., Dougherty, J., Moulton, L., Glawe, A., Wang, Y., and Leone, V. (2014). Exercise Prevents Weight Gain and Alters the Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model of High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092193"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E982","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00537.2015","article-title":"High-intensity exercise training increases the diversity and metabolic capacity of the mouse distal gut microbiota during diet-induced obesity","volume":"310","author":"Denou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, S.C., Wisniewski, P.J., Noji, M., McGuinness, L.R., Haggblom, M.M., Lightfoot, S.A., Joseph, L.B., and Kerkhof, L. (2016). The Effect of Diet and Exercise on Intestinal Integrity and Microbial Diversity in Mice. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150502"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00006-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00006-17","article-title":"Moderate Exercise Has Limited but Distinguishable Effects on the Mouse Microbiome","volume":"2","author":"Lamoureux","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.70474","article-title":"Voluntary Running Exercise Alters Microbiota Composition and Increases n-Butyrate Concentration in the Rat Cecum","volume":"72","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01077.2014","article-title":"Voluntary and forced exercise differentially alters the gut microbiome in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"118","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0359fje","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of sodium butyrate on human monocytes: Potent inhibition of IL-12 and up-regulation of IL-10 production","volume":"14","author":"Burtscher","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.104638","article-title":"Butyrate Enhances the Intestinal Barrier by Facilitating Tight Junction Assembly via Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers","volume":"139","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306541","article-title":"Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity","volume":"63","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bressa, C., Bail\u00e9n-Andrino, M., P\u00e9rez-Santiago, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Soltero, R., P\u00e9rez, M., Montalvo-Lominchar, M.G., Mat\u00e9-Mu\u00f1oz, J.L., Dom\u00ednguez, R., Moreno, D., and Larrosa, M. (2017). Differences in gut microbiota profile between women with active lifestyle and sedentary women. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171352"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01514.x","article-title":"Diversity, metabolism and microbial ecology of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine","volume":"294","author":"Louis","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308778","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: Relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology","volume":"65","author":"Dao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000183","article-title":"Exercise and the Gut Microbiome: A Review of the Evidence, Potential Mechanisms, and Implications for Human Health","volume":"47","author":"Mailing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.05.001","article-title":"Freewheel training decreases pro- and increases anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in mouse intestinal lymphocytes","volume":"24","author":"Pervaiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"161","article-title":"Exercise Training Reduces Inflammatory Mediators in the Intestinal Tract of Healthy Older Adult Mice","volume":"31","author":"Packer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Aging\/La Rev. Can. Vieil."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.01.015","article-title":"Voluntary exercise training in mice increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes and decreases the expression of TNF-\u03b1 in intestinal lymphocytes","volume":"23","author":"Pervaiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.2.704","article-title":"Transcriptional and translational regulation of heat shock proteins in leukocytes of endurance runners","volume":"89","author":"Fehrenbach","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-9-82","article-title":"Endotoxin levels correlate positively with a sedentary lifestyle and negatively with highly trained subjects","volume":"9","author":"Lira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lipids Heal. Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"G204","article-title":"Physiologically relevant increase in temperature causes an increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability","volume":"290","author":"Dokladny","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00311","article-title":"Exercise Reverses the Alterations in Gut Microbiota Upon Cold Exposure and Promotes Cold-Induced Weight Loss","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00377","article-title":"Whole Body Vibration Triggers a Change in the Mutual Shaping State of Intestinal Microbiota and Body\u2019s Immunity","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.4015.2014","article-title":"G-Loading and Vibration Effects on Heart and Respiration Rates","volume":"85","author":"Godinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J.C., Hale, V.L., Khodadadi, H., and Baban, B. (2019). Whole Body Vibration-Induced Omental Macrophage Polarization and Fecal Microbiome Modification in a Murine Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133125"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3181238a0f","article-title":"Vibration Exposure and Biodynamic Responses during Whole-Body Vibration Training","volume":"39","author":"Abercromby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200932030-00009","article-title":"The Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training in Aging Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"32","author":"Merriman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-018-0063-z","article-title":"Maintenance of intestinal homeostasis by mucosal barriers","volume":"38","author":"Okumura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10208","article-title":"Intestinal homeostasis and its breakdown in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"474","author":"Maloy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2017.08.004","article-title":"Intestinal Lactobacillus in health and disease, a driver or just along for the ride?","volume":"49","author":"Heeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirao, L.A., Grishina, I., Bourry, O., Hu, W.K., Somrit, M., Sankaran-Walters, S., Gaulke, C.A., Fenton, A.N., Li, J.A., and Crawford, R.W. (2014). Early Mucosal Sensing of SIV Infection by Paneth Cells Induces IL-1\u03b2 Production and Initiates Gut Epithelial Disruption. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004311"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X15607414","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: In perspective","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.519836","article-title":"The Use of Fecal Microbiome Transplant in Treating Human Diseases: Too Early for Poop?","volume":"12","author":"Ser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1316447","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation\u2013early steps on a long journey ahead","volume":"8","author":"Khoruts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i1.102","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation broadening its application beyond intestinal disorders","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2011.244","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications","volume":"9","author":"Borody","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000024","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Facts and Controversies","volume":"30","author":"Speelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2012.08.008","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Techniques, Applications, and Issues","volume":"41","author":"Borody","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v8.i3.162","article-title":"Phage therapy: An alternative to antibiotics in the age of multi-drug resistance","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12113","article-title":"Coverage of diarrhoea-associated Escherichia coli isolates from different origins with two types of phage cocktails","volume":"7","author":"Bourdin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.25991","article-title":"A historical overview of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Wittebole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.1.4.17280","article-title":"The first phage electron micrographs","volume":"1","author":"Ackermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180103","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0103","article-title":"Editing the microbiome the CRISPR way","volume":"374","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2010-023","article-title":"Bacteriophage Receptors, Mechanisms of Phage Adsorption and Penetration into Host Cell","volume":"59","author":"Rakhuba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-016-2009-4","article-title":"Biofilm control with natural and genetically-modified phages","volume":"32","author":"Motlagh","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paule, A., Frezza, D., and Edeas, M. (2018). Microbiota and Phage Therapy: Future Challenges in Medicine. Med Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci6040086"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20236","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319470110","article-title":"Gnotobiotic mouse model of phage-bacterial host dynamics in the human gut","volume":"110","author":"Reyes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-017-0196-7","article-title":"Bacteriophages in the gastrointestinal tract and their implications","volume":"9","author":"Wojciechowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganeshan, S.D., and Hosseinidoust, Z. (2019). Phage Therapy with a focus on the Human Microbiota. Antibiotics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8030131"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/3\/1494\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:09:29Z","timestamp":1760134169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/3\/1494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23031494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23031494","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]}}}