{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T18:32:14Z","timestamp":1773081134494,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-2018-01-8324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2018-01-8324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine babesiosis is an important tick-borne disease worldwide, caused by parasites of the Babesia genus. Although the disease process primarily affects erythrocytes, it may also have multisystemic consequences. The goal of this study was to explore and characterize the serum metabolome, by identifying potential metabolites and metabolic pathways in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis using liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The study included 12 dogs naturally infected with B. canis and 12 healthy dogs. By combining three different analytical platforms using untargeted and targeted approaches, 295 metabolites were detected. The untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS\/MS) metabolomics approach identified 64 metabolites, the targeted UHPLC-MS\/MS metabolomics approach identified 205 metabolites, and the GC-MS metabolomics approach identified 26 metabolites. Biological functions of differentially abundant metabolites indicate the involvement of various pathways in canine babesiosis including the following: glutathione metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; cysteine and methionine metabolism; and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis. This study confirmed that host\u2013pathogen interactions could be studied by metabolomics to assess chemical changes in the host, such that the differences in serum metabolome between dogs with B. canis infection and healthy dogs can be detected with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. Our study provides novel insight into pathophysiological mechanisms of B. canis infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1643497326000},"page":"1575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Multi Platforms Strategies and Metabolomics Approaches for the Investigation of Comprehensive Metabolite Profile in Dogs with Babesia canis Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ivana","family":"Rubi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Proteomics, Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1663-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Burchmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Weidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Regnault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4945-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josipa","family":"Kule\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Proteomics, Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Bari\u0107 Rafaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Ma\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9625-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Horvati\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Crnogaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5254-5502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter David","family":"Eckersall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Predrag","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0723-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Mrljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Proteomics, Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2478\/acve-2018-0011","article-title":"Canine babesiosis: Where do we stand?","volume":"68","author":"Mrljak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet. 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