{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:30:20Z","timestamp":1783488620340,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["European Consolidator Grant, XHaLe (ref. no. 771883)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["European Consolidator Grant, XHaLe (ref. no. 771883)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRACTIS \u2013 Clinician Scientist Program of Hannover Medical School (DFG, ME 3696\/3-1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRACTIS \u2013 Clinician Scientist Program of Hannover Medical School (DFG, ME 3696\/3-1)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Open Access Publication Fund of Hannover Medical School (MHH)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Open Access Publication Fund of Hannover Medical School (MHH)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003107","name":"Federal Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["German Registry of COVID-19 Autopsies; www.DeRegCOVID.ukaachen.de (ZMVI1-2520COR201)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["German Registry of COVID-19 Autopsies; www.DeRegCOVID.ukaachen.de (ZMVI1-2520COR201)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEFEAT PANDEMICs, 01KX2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEFEAT PANDEMICs, 01KX2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011318","name":"Fondation Botnar","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research Centre for Child Health (BRCCH), Basel"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Centre for Child Health (BRCCH), Basel"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: In COVID-19 survivors there is an increased prevalence of pulmonary fibrosis of which the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood; (2) Methods: In this multicentric study, n = 12 patients who succumbed to COVID-19 due to progressive respiratory failure were assigned to an early and late group (death within \u22647 and &gt;7 days of hospitalization, respectively) and compared to n = 11 healthy controls; mRNA and protein expression as well as biological pathway analysis were performed to gain insights into the evolution of pulmonary fibrogenesis in COVID-19; (3) Results: Median duration of hospitalization until death was 3 (IQR25-75, 3\u20133.75) and 14 (12.5\u201314) days in the early and late group, respectively. Fifty-eight out of 770 analyzed genes showed a significantly altered expression signature in COVID-19 compared to controls in a time-dependent manner. The entire study group showed an increased expression of BST2 and IL1R1, independent of hospitalization time. In the early group there was increased activity of inflammation-related genes and pathways, while fibrosis-related genes (particularly PDGFRB) and pathways dominated in the late group; (4) Conclusions: After the first week of hospitalization, there is a shift from pro-inflammatory to fibrogenic activity in severe COVID-19. IL1R1 and PDGFRB may serve as potential therapeutic targets in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1643497326000},"page":"1583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Time-Dependent Molecular Motifs of Pulmonary Fibrogenesis in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5002-409X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan C.","family":"Kamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Neubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9996-2477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Department of Molecular Pathology, Helios University Clinic Wuppertal, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2668-8056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helge","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7694-4257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Werlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2926-3608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Fuge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Haverich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplant and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1100-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandar","family":"Tzankov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6549-9848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"Steinestel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Friemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, M\u00e4rkische Kliniken GmbH, Klinikum L\u00fcdenscheid, 58515 L\u00fcdenscheid, 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