{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T22:18:54Z","timestamp":1783635534960,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pleural injury and subsequent loculation is characterized by acute injury, sustained inflammation and, when severe, pathologic tissue reorganization. While fibrin deposition is a normal part of the injury response, disordered fibrin turnover can promote pleural loculation and, when unresolved, fibrosis of the affected area. Within this review, we present a brief discussion of the current IPFT therapies, including scuPA, for the treatment of pathologic fibrin deposition and empyema. We also discuss endogenously expressed PAI-1 and how it may affect the efficacy of IPFT therapies. We further delineate the role of pleural mesothelial cells in the progression of pleural injury and subsequent pleural remodeling resulting from matrix deposition. We also describe how pleural mesothelial cells promote pleural fibrosis as myofibroblasts via mesomesenchymal transition. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic targets which focus on blocking and\/or reversing the myofibroblast differentiation of pleural mesothelial cells for the treatment of pleural fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1643497326000},"page":"1587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Update on Novel Targeted Therapy for Pleural Organization and Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Torry A.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Hwy 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4389-2152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Idell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Hwy 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L757","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00501.2017","article-title":"Fibrin turnover and pleural organization: Bench to bedside","volume":"314","author":"Komissarov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. 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