{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:40:08Z","timestamp":1790887208736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/IA\/4452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/IA\/4452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/IA\/4376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/IA\/4376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002081","name":"Irish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GOIPG\/2017\/1631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOIPG\/2017\/1631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Health Research Board of Ireland","award":["HRAPOR-2015-1140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRAPOR-2015-1140"]}]},{"name":"Fighting Blindness Ireland - Health Research Board of Ireland - Health Research Charities Ireland","award":["MRCG-2012-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRCG-2012-4"]}]},{"name":"Fighting Blindness Ireland - Health Research Board of Ireland - Health Research Charities Ireland","award":["MRCG-2016-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRCG-2016-14"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The challenge of developing gene therapies for genetic forms of blindness is heightened by the heterogeneity of these conditions. However, mechanistic commonalities indicate key pathways that may be targeted in a gene-independent approach. Mitochondrial dysfunction and axon degeneration are common features of many neurodegenerative conditions including retinal degenerations. Here we explore the neuroprotective effect afforded by the absence of sterile alpha and Toll\/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing 1 (SARM1), a prodegenerative NADase, in a rotenone-induced mouse model of retinal ganglion cell loss and visual dysfunction. Sarm1 knockout mice retain visual function after rotenone insult, displaying preservation of photopic negative response following rotenone treatment in addition to significantly higher optokinetic response measurements than wild type mice following rotenone. Protection of spatial vision is sustained over time in both sexes and is accompanied by increased RGC survival and additionally preservation of axonal density in optic nerves of Sarm1\u2212\/\u2212 mice insulted with rotenone. Primary fibroblasts extracted from Sarm1\u2212\/\u2212 mice demonstrate an increased oxygen consumption rate relative to those from wild type mice, with significantly higher basal, maximal and spare respiratory capacity. Collectively, our data indicate that Sarm1 ablation increases mitochondrial bioenergetics and confers histological and functional protection in vivo in the mouse retina against mitochondrial dysfunction, a hallmark of many neurodegenerative conditions including a variety of ocular disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T01:46:08Z","timestamp":1643593568000},"page":"1606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["SARM1 Ablation Is Protective and Preserves Spatial Vision in an In Vivo Mouse Model of Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3395-1211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura K.","family":"Finnegan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1684-1598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Chadderton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Kenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"The Research Foundation, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3517-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arpad","family":"Palfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Carty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Bowie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Millington-Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Jane","family":"Farrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R139","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx273","article-title":"Optic neuropathies: The tip of the neurodegeneration iceberg","volume":"26","author":"Carelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24548","article-title":"Melanopsin retinal ganglion cell loss in Alzheimer disease","volume":"79","author":"Koronyo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.11.005","article-title":"All roads lead to glaucoma: Induced retinal injury cascades contribute to a common neurodegenerative outcome","volume":"183","author":"Alqawlaq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068613","article-title":"Axonal self-destruction and neurodegeneration","volume":"296","author":"Raff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0010004","article-title":"Susceptibility to neurodegeneration in a glaucoma is modified by bax gene dosage","volume":"1","author":"Libby","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2945","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.338","article-title":"JUN is important for ocular hypertension-induced retinal ganglion cell degeneration","volume":"8","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-398309-1.00002-0","article-title":"Optic nerve disease and axon pathophysiology","volume":"Volume 105","author":"Ghaffarieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000135","article-title":"Acute optic neuritis","volume":"2","author":"Galetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197107000-00012","article-title":"Vincristine-induced axonal alterations in rat peripheral nerve","volume":"30","author":"Schlaepfer","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10039","article-title":"The Wlds protein protects against axonal degeneration: A model of gene therapy for peripheral neuropathy","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10973","article-title":"Excitotoxicity Upregulates SARM1 Protein Expression and Promotes Wallerian-Like Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells and Their Axons","volume":"54","author":"Massoll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-04-01333.2000","article-title":"Evidence that wallerian degeneration arid localized axon degeneration induced by local neurotrophin deprivation do not involve caspases","volume":"20","author":"Finn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.07.002","article-title":"Axon injury signaling and compartmentalized injury response in glaucoma","volume":"73","author":"Libby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9338","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0877-14.2014","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induces Sarm1-Dependent Cell Death in Sensory Neurons","volume":"34","author":"Summers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13569","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1197-13.2013","article-title":"Sarm1-Mediated Axon Degeneration Requires Both SAM and TIR Interactions","volume":"33","author":"Gerdts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00771.x","article-title":"Absence of Wallerian Degeneration does not Hinder Regeneration in Peripheral Nerve","volume":"1","author":"Lunn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.02.012","article-title":"The SARM1 axon degeneration pathway: Control of the NAD+ metabolome regulates axon survival in health and disease","volume":"63","author":"Figley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3680","article-title":"Wallerian degeneration: An emerging axon death pathway linking injury and disease","volume":"15","author":"Conforti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223899","article-title":"dSarm\/Sarm1 is required for activation of an injury-induced axon death pathway","volume":"337","author":"Osterloh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.01.005","article-title":"SARM: From immune regulator to cell executioner","volume":"161","author":"Carty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2079","article-title":"The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"7","author":"Bowie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9329","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00836-09","article-title":"The Immune Adaptor Molecule SARM Modulates Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production and Microglia Activation in the Brainstem and Restricts West Nile Virus Pathogenesis","volume":"83","author":"Szretter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.005","article-title":"Cell Survival and Cytokine Release after Inflammasome Activation Is Regulated by the Toll-IL-1R Protein SARM","volume":"50","author":"Carty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.022","article-title":"The SARM1 Toll\/Interleukin-1 Receptor Domain Possesses Intrinsic NAD+ Cleavage Activity that Promotes Pathological Axonal Degeneration","volume":"93","author":"Essuman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181040","article-title":"Gene therapy targeting SARM1 blocks pathological axon degeneration in mice","volume":"216","author":"Geisler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax1911","article-title":"NAD+ cleavage activity by animal and plant TIR domains in cell death pathways","volume":"365","author":"Horsefield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000767","article-title":"Glaucoma as a Metabolic Optic Neuropathy: Making the Case for Nicotinamide Treatment in Glaucoma","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/nn770","article-title":"Wallerian degeneration of injured axons and synapses is delayed by a Ube4b\/Nmnat chimeric gene","volume":"4","author":"Mack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258366","article-title":"SARM1 activation triggers axon degeneration locally via NAD+ destruction","volume":"348","author":"Gerdts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.02.009","article-title":"SARM1 is a metabolic sensor activated by an increased NMN\/NAD+ ratio to trigger axon degeneration","volume":"109","author":"Figley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107999","article-title":"Structural and Mechanistic Regulation of the Pro-degenerative NAD Hydrolase SARM1","volume":"32","author":"Bratkowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2862-z","article-title":"The NAD+-mediated self-inhibition mechanism of pro-neurodegenerative SARM1","volume":"588","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201900618","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.201900618","article-title":"SARM1 deficiency promotes rod and cone photoreceptor cell survival in a model of retinal degeneration","volume":"3","author":"Ozaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12219","article-title":"Deletion of Sarm1 gene is neuroprotective in two models of peripheral neuropathy","volume":"22","author":"Turkiew","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-1233","article-title":"Sarm1 Gene Deficiency Attenuates Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Mice","volume":"68","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.053","article-title":"Pathological axonal death through a Mapk cascade that triggers a local energy deficit","volume":"160","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113636","article-title":"SARM1 is required in human derived sensory neurons for injury-induced and neurotoxic axon degeneration","volume":"339","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3622","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses identify new risk variants and the genetic architecture of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Shatunov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt587","article-title":"A genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies a novel locus at 17q11. 2 associated with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Fogh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18933","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004578","article-title":"c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated phosphorylation of SARM1 regulates NAD cleavage activity to inhibit mitochondrial respiration","volume":"293","author":"Murata","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"18.304261","article-title":"Potent activation of SARM1 by NMN analogue VMN underlies vacor neurotoxicity","volume":"2020","author":"Loreto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biorxiv Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01796-2","article-title":"DLK Activation Synergizes with Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Downregulate Axon Survival Factors and Promote SARM1-Dependent Axon Degeneration","volume":"57","author":"Summers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.01.016","article-title":"A highly reproducible rotenone model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Cannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2012.112","article-title":"Intravitreal delivery of AAV-NDI1 provides functional benefit in a murine model of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy","volume":"21","author":"Chadderton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00327-0","article-title":"Mouse model of optic neuropathy caused by mitochondrial complex I dysfunction","volume":"326","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2014.26","article-title":"Cell therapy using retinal progenitor cells shows therapeutic effect in a chemically-induced rotenone mouse model of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy","volume":"22","author":"Mansergh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(98)00029-2","article-title":"Inhibitors of NADH-ubiquinone reductase: An overview","volume":"1364","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2008.11.003","article-title":"Differential effects of mitochondrial Complex I inhibitors on production of reactive oxygen species","volume":"1787","author":"Fato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45465","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45465","article-title":"Mechanistic Investigations of the Mitochondrial Complex i Inhibitor Rotenone in the Context of Pharmacological and Safety Evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Heinz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113252","article-title":"cADPR is a gene dosage-sensitive biomarker of SARM1 activity in healthy, compromised, and degenerating axons","volume":"329","author":"Sasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108588","article-title":"Small Molecule SARM1 Inhibitors Recapitulate the SARM1\u2212\/\u2212 Phenotype and Allow Recovery of a Metastable Pool of Axons Fated to Degenerate","volume":"34","author":"Hughes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2010.11.002","article-title":"Mitochondrial optic neuropathies-Disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.10.005","article-title":"Age-related eye disease and gender","volume":"83","author":"Zetterberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2017.12.010","article-title":"Sex-related differences in oxidative stress and neurodegeneration","volume":"133","author":"Tenkorang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EUGenMed, Cardiovascular Clinical Study Group, Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Oertelt-Prigione, S., Prescott, E., Franconi, F., Gerdts, E., Foryst-Ludwig, A., Maas, A.H.E.M., and Kautzky-Willer, A. (2015). Gender in cardiovascular diseases: Impact on clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes. Eur. Heart J., 37, 24\u201334.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv598"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.04.004","article-title":"Gender differences in autoimmune disease","volume":"35","author":"Ngo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Brocher, J. (2015, January 5). The BioVoxxel image processing and analysis toolbox. Proceedings of the EuBIAS Conference, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22972","article-title":"SIRT1 and NRF2 Gene Transfer Mediate Distinct Neuroprotective Effects Upon Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Function in Experimental Optic Neuritis","volume":"59","author":"McDougald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31103-1","article-title":"The Course of Visual Recovery after Optic Neuritis: Experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial","volume":"101","author":"Beck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201912047","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201912047","article-title":"SARM1 acts downstream of neuroinflammatory and necroptotic signaling to induce axon degeneration","volume":"219","author":"Ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0800-9","article-title":"Sarm1 deletion suppresses TDP-43-linked motor neuron degeneration and cortical spine loss","volume":"7","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.03.007","article-title":"Role of SARM1 and DR6 in retinal ganglion cell axonal and somal degeneration following axonal injury","volume":"171","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0541","article-title":"Rapid quantification of adult and developing mouse spatial vision using a virtual optomotor system","volume":"45","author":"Prusky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805225166","article-title":"Independent visual threshold measurements in the two eyes of freely moving rats and mice using a virtual-reality optokinetic system","volume":"22","author":"Douglas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinares-Garcia, P., Stratikopoulos, M., Zagato, A., Loke, H., and Lee, J. (2018). Sex: A significant risk factor for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8080154"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01735374","article-title":"Evidence that migratory oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cells are kept out of the rat retina by a barrier at the eye-end of the optic nerve","volume":"17","author":"Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.08.034","article-title":"Regulation of axon degeneration after injury and in development by the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin","volume":"80","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2017.01.004","article-title":"Evaluating the therapeutic potential of idebenone and related quinone analogues in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy","volume":"36","author":"Soiferman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58505-6","article-title":"Fibroblast mitochondria in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease display morphological changes and enhanced resistance to depolarization","volume":"10","author":"Antony","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5525","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5469-08.2009","article-title":"Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase-mediated axonal protection requires enzymatic activity but not increased levels of neuronal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide","volume":"29","author":"Sasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2013.05.005","article-title":"Mitochondrial disorders: Aetiologies, models systems, and candidate therapies","volume":"29","author":"Farrar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-01926-1","article-title":"The Role of Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Lesson from Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"57","author":"Corti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.03.028","article-title":"Complex I: Inhibitors, inhibition and neurodegeneration","volume":"224","author":"Schapira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SanGiovanni, J.P., Arking, D.E., Iyengar, S.K., Elashoff, M., Clemons, T.E., Reed, G.F., Henning, A.K., Sivakumaran, T.A., Xu, X., and DeWan, A. (2009). Mitochondrial DNA variants of respiratory complex I that uniquely characterize haplogroup T2 are associated with increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005508"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9596","article-title":"Impaired complex-I-Linked respiration and ATP synthesis in primary open-angle glaucoma patient lymphoblasts","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31431","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31431","article-title":"MicroRNA regulatory circuits in a mouse model of inherited retinal degeneration","volume":"6","author":"Palfi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00656","article-title":"Non-photoreceptor Expression of Tulp1 May Contribute to Extensive Retinal Degeneration in Tulp1\u2212\/\u2212 Mice","volume":"14","author":"Palfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"e53565","article-title":"Generating primary fibroblast cultures from mouse ear and tail tissues","volume":"107","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/3\/1606\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:11:32Z","timestamp":1760134292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/3\/1606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23031606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23031606","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]}}}