{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T16:40:39Z","timestamp":1785256839686,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial pigmentation of apple fruits has been intensely evaluated to generate less pigmented red apples, which are profitable because of the changes in fruit quality. In this study, we analyzed the diversity of flavonoids and the patterns of flavonoid metabolic gene expression under light irradiation with or without methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment in immature (S1) and color-turning (S2) staged \u2018Fuji\u2019 apples. Further, we assessed the metabolic regulation at the gene level between anthocyanin and flavonol in light-responsive apple skins. UV-B exposure within 3 days was found to significantly stimulate anthocyanin accumulation in apple skin compared to other light exposure. S1 skin was more sensitive to UV-B and MeJA treatment, in the aspect of indaein accumulation. The enhancement of apple pigmentation following treatment with adequate levels of UV-B and MeJA was maximized at approximately 72 h. Red (range from 4.25 to 17.96 \u00b5g\u00b7g\u22121 DW), blue (range from 4.59 to 9.17 \u00b5g\u00b7g\u22121 DW) and UV-A (range from 3.98 to 19.12 \u00b5g\u00b7g\u22121 DW) lights contributed to the induction of idaein content. Most genes related to the flavonoid pathways increased their expression under UV-B exposure, including the gene expression of the transcription factor, MdMYB10, a well-known upstream factor of flavonoid biosynthesis in apples. The boosted upregulation of MdMYB10, MdCHS, MdF3H MdLDOX, and MdUFGT genes due to MeJA in UV-B was found and may contribute the increase of idaein. UV-A and UV-B caused higher quercetin glycoside content in both S1 and S2 apple skins than longer wavelengths, resulting in significant increases in quercetin-3-O-galactoside and quercetin-3-O-glucoside. These results suggest that the application of adequate UV-B with MeJA in less-pigmented postharvest apples will improve apple color quality within a short period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T05:42:33Z","timestamp":1643866953000},"page":"1722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Pigmentation and Flavonoid Metabolite Diversity in Immature \u2018Fuji\u2019 Apple Fruits in Response to Lights and Methyl Jasmonate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jung-A","family":"Ryu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gyeongsangbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Daegu 41404, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8932-302X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shucheng","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Young","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanhui","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In-Kyu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok Hyun","family":"Eom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41438-020-00340-x","article-title":"Decoding altitude-activated regulatory mechanisms occurring during apple peel ripening","volume":"7","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hortic. 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