{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:20:27Z","timestamp":1790572827308,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regione Sicilia","award":["082651290364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["082651290364"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure of the airways epithelium to environmental insults, including cigarette smoke, results in increased oxidative stress due to unbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of oxidants. Oxidative stress is a feature of inflammation and promotes the progression of chronic lung diseases, including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Increased oxidative stress leads to exhaustion of antioxidant defenses, alterations in autophagy\/mitophagy and cell survival regulatory mechanisms, thus promoting cell senescence. All these events are amplified by the increase of inflammation driven by oxidative stress. Several models of bronchial epithelial cells are used to study the molecular mechanisms and the cellular functions altered by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure, and to test the efficacy of molecules with antioxidant properties. This review offers a comprehensive synthesis of human in-vitro and ex-vivo studies published from 2011 to 2021 describing the molecular and cellular mechanisms evoked by CSE exposure in bronchial epithelial cells, the most used experimental models and the mechanisms of action of cellular antioxidants systems as well as natural and synthetic antioxidant compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T11:35:17Z","timestamp":1643974517000},"page":"1770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Cellular and Molecular Signatures of Oxidative Stress in Bronchial Epithelial Cell Models Injured by Cigarette Smoke Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Cipollina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ri.MED Foundation, 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreina","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5378-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Fasola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Cristaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ri.MED Foundation, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Patella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8166-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalinda","family":"Inguanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Vilasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6362-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8026-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"La Grutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4967-0916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Torino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1141-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30105-3","article-title":"Prevalence and Attributable Health Burden of Chronic Respiratory Diseases, 1990\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"8","author":"Soriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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