{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:48:18Z","timestamp":1790660898040,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006048","name":"University of the Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EI_2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EI_2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread interest in free radicals in biology extends far beyond the effects of ionizing radiation, with recent attention largely focusing on reactions of free radicals derived from peroxynitrite (i.e., hydroxyl, nitrogen dioxide, and carbonate radicals). These radicals can easily be generated individually by reactions of radiolytically-produced radicals in aqueous solutions and their reactions can be monitored either in real time or by analysis of products. This review first describes the general principles of selective radical generation by radiolysis, the yields of individual species, the advantages and limitations of either pulsed or continuous radiolysis, and the quantitation of oxidizing power of radicals by electrode potentials. Some key reactions of peroxynitrite-derived radicals with potential biological targets are then discussed, including the characterization of reactions of tyrosine with a model alkoxyl radical, reactions of tyrosyl radicals with nitric oxide, and routes to nitrotyrosine formation. This is followed by a brief outline of studies involving the reactions of peroxynitrite-derived radicals with lipoic acid\/dihydrolipoic acid, hydrogen sulphide, and the metal chelator desferrioxamine. For biological diagnostic probes such as \u2018spin traps\u2019 to be used with confidence, their reactivities with radical species have to be characterized, and the application of radiolysis methods in this context is also illustrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:36:47Z","timestamp":1644179807000},"page":"1797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Radiolysis Studies of Oxidation and Nitration of Tyrosine and Some Other Biological Targets by Peroxynitrite-Derived Radicals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Lisa K.","family":"Folkes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly of the Gray Cancer Institute and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7079-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvina","family":"Bartesaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madia","family":"Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Wardman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly of the Gray Cancer Institute and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1114-1875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Radi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63504-5","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase. 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